A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

sibilant 435
shadow pronoun
see resumptive pronoun
shallow (adj.) A term used in the revised extended standard theory of
generative grammar, to refer to a level of representation distinct from
(syntactic) surface structure. Shallow structure differs from surface structure
principally in the way it is followed within the grammar by certain types of
formal operation other than phonological rules – filters, deletion and
stylistic rules. The term has also been used in the work of some generative
grammarians to refer to the output of cyclic transformations, whereas in
REST it refers to the output of post-cyclic transformations. In governmentbinding
theory, shallow structure is known as S-structure.
shared constituent co-ordination
see right node raising
sharp (adj.) One of the features of sound set up by Jakobson and Halle (see
Jakobsonian) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, to help
handle secondary articulations – in this case, palatalization. ‘Sharp’
consonants are defined both articulatorily and acoustically as sounds
produced with the tongue being raised towards the hard palate during their
articulation, and with a relatively wide area behind the stricture; there is a
consequent greater intensity of some of the higher frequencies of the sound
spectrum. All palatalized consonants are [+sharp]. Its opposite term is plain,
which lacks these features, and thus corresponds to the whole range of nonpalatalized
sounds. The feature is not used in the Chomsky and Halle system
(see Chomskyan).
sharp stratification
see stratification
shell
see VP shell
shift (n.) see chain (3), language shift, loan, rank, sound change,
syntagmatic (2)
short (adj.) see length (1)
shortest move A principle of the minimalist programme which requires a
constituent to move from its source to the nearest available position in a
derivation. It is one of the specific economy principles recognized by that
programme. The principle is extended to include cases where one needs
to decide which constituent can move where more than one is available. For
example, in multiple WH-questions (e.g. You can give what to whom?), either
wh-phrase is a possible candidate for movement to initial sentence position; but
the one that moves is what, which is closer to sentence-initial position than
whom is. In earlier versions of the minimalist programme, this principle was
called the minimal link condition or attract closest. See movement (1).
shwa (n.)
see schwa
sibilant (adj./n.) A term in the phonetic classification of sounds on the basis of
manner of articulation. It refers to a fricative sound made by producing