A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

462 subjective
subjective (adj.)
subjective case
see subject
see accusative
subjective genitive
subject-raising (n.)
see object
see raising
subjunct (n.) A term used in Quirk grammar to refer to a subclass of
adverbials along with adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts. In early work
‘subjuncts’ were grouped within the category of ‘adjuncts’; in later work, however,
they were felt to be sufficiently different in semantic and syntactic behaviour
to warrant their ‘equal’ status with the other subclasses. Subjuncts include a
wide range of adverbials which have a subordinate role in comparison with
other clause elements. They include several classes of item, such as the expression
of viewpoint (e.g. Morally, that is wrong), courtesy (e.g. Come in, please)
and emphasis (e.g. actually, frankly).
subjunctive (n.) (subj, SUBJ, subjun) A term used in the grammatical classification
of sentence types, and usually seen in contrast to indicative, imperative,
etc., moods. It refers to verb forms or sentence/clause types used in the
expression of many kinds of subordinate clause, for a range of attitudes
including tentativeness, vagueness, uncertainty. In modern English, the examples
which come nearest to the subjunctive occur in ‘hypothetical’ constructions
of the type if she were going (cf. if she was going), in certain formulae (e.g. So
be it!), and in some clauses introduced by that (especially in American English,
e.g. I insist that he go to town). In many languages, it is more productive,
e.g. in French.
sublanguage (n.)
submorpheme (n.)
see language
see morpheme
subordinating conjunction
see subordination
subordination (n.) A term used in grammatical analysis to refer to the process
or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic
status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the
other; subordinate is sometimes contrasted with superordinate. (In this respect,
it is usually distinguished from co-ordinate linkage, where the units are
equivalent.) Subordinate clauses are illustrated in the sentence John left when
the bus arrived: the marker of linkage is when, a subordinating conjunction (or
subordinator). A wide range of subordinates exists in English, e.g. although,
since, because, while, after. Some grammarians analyse certain subordinators
(e.g. before, since, until) as prepositions with sentential complements. In
endocentric phrases, the term ‘subordinate’ is also used to refer to the words
which modify the head; e.g. in all the very big cars, all the very big is subordinate
to cars, and very is subordinate to big.