A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

co-production 115
lying, sarcasm, political debates, etc.) but conversation proceeds on the assumption
that they do not. It is then possible to deduce implications from what has
been said concerning what has not been said (conversational implicatures),
though the extent to which this can be done consistently and generally is
somewhat controversial.
co-ordinate bilingualism A term used by some linguists in the early classification
of bilingualism (see bilingual). Co-ordinate bilinguals are those who learn
their languages in different environments, associate them with different cultures,
and develop different mental representations. They thus attribute partly or wholly
different meanings to corresponding lexical units in the two languages
(e.g. dog in English would mean something different from chien in French). The
contrast was with compound bilingualism, where the meanings are seen as
identical; but the existence of much bilingual behaviour that falls between these
two categories has made the distinction unfashionable.
co-ordinating conjunction
see co-ordination
co-ordination (n.) A term in grammatical analysis to refer to the process or
result of linking linguistic units which are usually of equivalent syntactic
status, e.g. a series of clauses, or phrases, or words. (In this respect, it is usually
distinguished from subordinate linkage, where the units are not equivalent.)
Co-ordinate clauses are illustrated in the sentence John walked and Mary ran:
the marker of linkage is and, a co-ordinating conjunction (or co-ordinator).
Constructions may also be analysed as co-ordinate without any explicit marker
(a phenomenon sometimes referred to as ‘asyndetic co-ordination’), as in There
was an awkward, depressing silence, where the co-ordinative role of the two
adjectives can be tested by the insertion of and between them. The co-ordinate
structure constraint in generative grammar asserts that no rule may affect a
conjunct in a co-ordinate structure, nor may any element in a conjunct be
affected by a rule; for example, a WH-phrase moves illicitly in *What did you eat
biscuits and?
co-ordinator (n.)
see co-ordination
Copenhagen School A group of linguists who constituted the Copenhagen
Linguistic Circle in the mid-1930s, and who developed an approach to linguistics
known as glossematics. Largely through the work of their main theoretician,
Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965), the school developed a philosophical and logical
basis for linguistic theory which was not to be surpassed until the formalization
introduced by generative grammar.
co-phonology (n.)
see co-grammar
co-production (n.) A term used in relation to gestural phonology referring
to the core process which controls the way articulatory gestures combine to
produce the segments of connected speech. Each gesture has an intrinsic
temporal duration which allows it to overlap with other gestures when
executed, the degree of overlap being controlled by the co-production process at
the planning stage of speech production.