A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

464 substratum
superiority, as can be seen in the many varieties of English spoken throughout
the world which incorporate characteristics of a mother-tongue, e.g. in India,
West Africa. The opposite effect is known as a superstratum.
substratum (n.)
substring (n.)
see substrate
see string
subtractive bilingualism
see bilingual
subtree (n.)
see tree
subtype (n.) see type (1)
successive cyclic analysis see cycle (1)
suction (adj.) One of the features of sound set up by Chomsky and Halle (see
Chomskyan) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, under the
heading of supplementary movements, to handle variations in manner of
articulation. It refers to articulatory movements of the glottis or velum (see
velar) where the airflow is directed inwards, as implosives and clicks. See
also stop.
suffix (n.) (1) (SUFF) A term used in morphology referring to an affix which
is added following a root or stem. The process of suffixation or suffixing is
common in English, both for the derivational formation of new lexical
items (e.g. -ize, -tion) and for expressing grammatical relationships (inflectional
endings such as -s, -ed, -ing).
(2) See s-fix.
sum (n.) A term used in semantic theory for a complex object formed from
simpler parts. The notion is particularly used in frameworks which model part–
whole relations in terms of lattices.
Summer Institute of Linguistics (now known as SIL International) An organization
devoted to the training of linguists wishing to do research into the (especially
unwritten) languages of the world. Founded by William Cameron Townsend
(1896–1982) in 1934, it developed to become the leading organization for
training field linguists, eventually working on over 2000 languages. As a Christian
organization, it has specialized in Bible translation, with over 700 translations
of the New Testament now completed. Its first president was Kenneth
Lee Pike (1912–2000), who was associated with SIL from 1942 until his
death. Its language catalogue Ethnologue listed 6,912 languages in 2005 (15th
edition).
superfix (n.) A term used in phonetics and phonology to refer to a vocal
effect which extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such
as a pitch, stress or juncture pattern, particularly when this is seen in the