A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

affix 15
adverb clause
see adverb
adverbial (adj./n.)
see adverb
adverb phrase
see adverb
adversative (adj./n.) In grammar and semantics, a form or construction which
expresses an antithetical circumstance. Adversative meaning can be expressed
in several grammatical ways (as ‘adversatives’), such as through a conjunction
(but), adverbial (however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of that, on the other hand),
or preposition (despite, except, apart from, notwithstanding).
aerometry (n.) In phonetics, the measurement of airflow during speech; also
called electroaerometry. Several instruments, such as the electroaerometer, have
been designed to provide such data, using a special face mask which allows
separate measures of airflow to be made from mouth and nose.
affect (n.) A term sometimes used in semantics as part of a classification of
types of meaning: it refers to the attitudinal element in meaning, as in the
differing emotional associations (or connotations) of lexical items (e.g. a
youth/youngster stood on the corner) or the expression of attitude (or affect)
in intonation. Affective meaning is usually opposed to cognitive meaning.
Alternative terms include emotive and attitudinal.
affect alpha A maximally general notion introduced into governmentbinding
theory, subsuming the three operations of ‘move alpha’ (or ‘alpha
movement’), ‘insert alpha’ (or ‘alpha insertion’) and ‘delete alpha’ (or ‘alpha
deletion’). It could be glossed as ‘do anything to any category’. See alpha
notation, move alpha.
affected (adj.) A term used by some linguists as part of the grammatical
or semantic analysis of a sentence in terms of cases or participant roles:
it usually refers to an entity (animate or inanimate) which does not cause
the happening denoted by the verb, but is directly involved in some other way.
It is typically the role of the direct object, e.g. I kicked the ball. patient,
objective and goal have sometimes been used in this sense, but alternative
interpretations for these terms are common.
affective (adj.)
see affect
affirmative (adj./n.) A term used in grammatical description to refer to a type
of sentence or verb which has no marker of negation, i.e. it is expressing an
assertion. The ‘affirmative’, or positive, ‘pole’ of this contrast is opposed to
‘negative’, and the grammatical system involved is often referred to under the
heading of polarity.
affix (n.) (AFF) (1) The collective term for the types of formative that can
be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), i.e. affixes