A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

overlapping 345
of the relationship between pronunciation and the writing system. Several works
provide early detailed descriptions of the sounds of contemporary languages.
other-repair (n.)
see repair
OT perspective see input (3)
output (n.) (1) A use of the general sense of this term in generative grammar
to refer to a sentence which is produced after the application of a rule or set
of rules. It contrasts with input, which refers to the linguistic construct which
triggers the application of a rule.
(2) In optimality theory, an output is the optimal representation of an
input form, following the application of the mechanisms of the theory. It corresponds
most closely to what people actually say. See generator and evaluator.
output–output constraints In optimality theory, a set of constraints which
mandate paradigmatic uniformity, penalizing related forms that differ in their
phonological properties.
overcorrection (n.)
see hypercorrection
overextension (n.) A term used in language acquisition studies to refer to
one type of relationship between adult and child meaning, as expressed in
lexical items. In overextension, the child’s lexical item has a wider range of
application than the equivalent term in adult language, e.g. when dog is used
for other animals apart from dogs. The term is usually contrasted with
underextension.
overgeneralization (n.) A term used in language acquisition studies, referring
to the process whereby children extend their use of a grammatical feature to
contexts beyond those found in the adult language, e.g. when they overgeneralize
the regular past-tense form in such items as *goed, *wented, *goned.
overgeneration (n.) A term used in generative linguistics to characterize a
rule or a principle which permits ungrammatical structures as well as grammatical
ones.
overlapping (n.) (1) A term used in phonology to refer to the possibility that
a phone may be assigned to more than one phoneme (phonemic overlapping).
The notion was introduced by American structural linguists in the 1940s.
The overlapping (or ‘intersection’) of phonemes was said to be ‘partial’ if a
given sound is assigned to phoneme A in one phonetic context and to phoneme
B in another; it would be ‘complete’ if successive occurrences of the sound
in the same context are assigned sometimes to A, and sometimes to B (compare
the notion of neutralization). An example of partial overlap is found between
/r/ and /t/ in some dialects of English, where both are realized by the tap [Ü]
in different contexts: /r/ ⇒ [Ü] after dental fricatives, as in through; /t/ ⇒ [Ü]
between vowels, as in bitter. An example of complete overlap occurs in the
case of [v], which may stand for most occurrences of English stressed vowels,
when they occur in unstressed positions (e.g. telegraph – telegraphy, where the
first and third vowels reduce to [v]).