A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

LIPOC 285
linguistics, critical linguistics, developmental linguistics, ecolinguistics, educational
linguistics, ethnolinguistics, forensic linguistics, geographical linguistics, institutional
linguistics, mathematical linguistics, neurolinguistics, peace linguistics,
philosophical linguistics, psycholinguistics, quantitative linguistics, sociolinguistics,
statistical linguistics, theolinguistics (see individual entries). When the subject’s
findings, methods, or theoretical principles are applied to the study of problems
from other areas of experience, one talks of applied linguistics; but this term is
often restricted to the study of the theory and methodology of foreign-language
teaching.
linguistic science(s)
see linguistics
linguistic sign see sign (1)
linguistic substrate
see substrate
linguistic superstratum
see superstratum
linguistic variable see variable (2)
link (n.) see chain 2
linking (adj./n.) (1) A term used in phonology to refer to a sound which is
introduced between linguistic units, usually for ease of pronunciation. In
English, the linking r is the most familiar example of this process, as when the r
in car is pronounced before a vowel, or when an /r/ is introduced without there
being justification in the writing (e.g. Shah of .../àwprvv . . . /). In French, a
linking /t/ is introduced in the third-person question form of verbs, when this
ends in a vowel, e.g. il a ‘he has’ ⇒ a-t-il. In syntax, the copula be, and
sometimes such verbs as seem, become, etc., may be referred to as linking verbs.
(2) In models of non-linear phonology, a formal means of relating units
(nodes, features, particles, etc.) within a hierarchical representation; the
disassociation of a unit from a segment is called delinking. A delinked unit
occurs on a tier on its own. Units which are linked to more than one segment
(as in the various kinds of assimilation, or in certain kinds of gemination)
are said to show multiple linking (or be multilinked). Various conditions have
been proposed to ensure the well-formedness of association lines in structural
descriptions, such as the linking constraint, which requires that all
association lines be interpreted exhaustively.
(3) A family of constraints in optimality theory, usually referred to as Link,
requiring that a feature be associated to a consonant or a vowel, whether
or not the association is part of the lexical input. For example, in a tone
language, Link[Tone] would associate a tone with a vowel.
linking verb see linking (1)
LIPOC An abbreviation for ‘language-independent preferred order of constituents’
– a linguistic tendency recognized in functional grammar, according to
which constituents are ordered in terms of their categorial complexity.