A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

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terms ‘structure’ and ‘system’ are often synonymous (and the phrase ‘structured
system’ which is sometimes encountered – as in ‘language is a structured system’
– is a tautology). More specifically, the term is used to refer to an isolatable
section of this total network, as in discussion of the structure of a particular
grammatical area (e.g. tenses, pronouns), and here ‘structure’ and ‘system’
are distinguished: one might talk of the ‘structure’ of a particular ‘system’.
However, this application of the term to paradigmatic relationships is not
as widespread as the syntagmatic conception of ‘structure’. Here a particular
sequential pattern of linguistic elements is referred to as ‘a structure’, definable
with reference to one of the various ‘structural levels’ recognized in a theory,
e.g. ‘phonological structure’, ‘syntactic structure’, ‘morphological structure’,
‘semantic structure’. For example, clause structure can be defined in
terms of strings of such elements as subject, verb and object, or noun
phrases and verb phrases; syllable structure can be defined in terms of strings
of consonants and vowels. The set of items which contrast at a particular
‘place’ in a structure is then referred to as a system. This is the way in which the
term is used in Hallidayan linguistics, for example, where it has a special
status, as the name of one of the four major categories recognized by the
theory (the others being ‘unit’, ‘system’ and ‘class’): the category of ‘structure’
accounts for the ways in which an occurrence of one syntactic unit can be made
up out of occurrences of the unit below it (e.g. which kinds of group structure
can constitute which kinds of clause structure). In this sense, the morpheme has
no structure, being the minimal unit in grammar. A narrower use of the term is
found in the phrase structure index, sometimes used in transformational
grammar to refer to the formal description of the input string to a transformational
rule – also known as a structural description. A structurepreserving
constraint is one which imposes the condition that a constituent
can be moved only into another category of the same structural type, which has
been independently generated. Transformations to which this constraint applies
are known as ‘structure-preserving transformations’. See also hierarchy, tree.
structure dependency A principle used in generative linguistics which
asserts that the speaker’s knowledge of language relies on the structural
relationships between elements in the sentence rather than on the linear
sequence of items. The principle imposes strong constraints on the notion of
‘possible grammatical rule’, and is an essential feature of a theory of universal
grammar.
structure index
see structural description
structure preservation A principle in lexical phonology which states that
constraints on possible underlying segments in the inventory of a language,
and constraints on autosegmental associations, hold throughout the derivation
during the lexical part of the phonology. These constraints are dropped
during the post-lexical part of the phonology.
structure tree see tree (1)
style (n.)
see stylistics