A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

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ContentsPreface to the Sixth EditionAcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsList of SymbolsThe International Phonetic AlphabetvixixiiixxiixxvAlphabetical Entries 1
Preface tothe Sixth EditionWhen I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copiouswithout order, and energetick without rules: wherever I turned my view,there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to be regulated; choicewas to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principleof selection; adulterations were to be detected, without a settled test of purity;and modes of expression to be rejected or received, without the suffragesof any writers of classical reputation or acknowledged authority.Samuel Johnson, ‘Preface’ to A Dictionary of the English LanguageOne sign of immaturity [in a science] is the endless flow of terminology.The critical reader begins to wonder if some strange naming taboo attachesto the terms that a linguist uses, whereby when he dies they must be buriedwith him.Dwight Bolinger, Aspects of Language, p. 554It is over twenty-five years since the first edition of this book, and the plaintwith which I began the preface to that edition remains as valid as ever. What isneeded, I said then, is a comprehensive lexicographical survey, on historicalprinciples, of twentieth-century terminology in linguistics and phonetics. AndI continued, in that and the subsequent four prefaces, in the following way.We could use the techniques, well established, which have provided dictionariesof excellence, such as the Oxford English Dictionary. The painstaking scrutinyof texts from a range of contexts, the recording of new words and senses onslips, and the systematic correlation of these as a preliminary to representingpatterns of usage: such steps are routine for major surveys of general vocabularyand could as readily be applied for a specialized vocabulary, such as the presentundertaking. Needless to say, it would be a massive task – and one which, forlinguistics and phonetics, has frequently been initiated, though without muchprogress. I am aware of several attempts to work along these lines, in Canada,Great Britain, Japan and the United States, sometimes by individuals, sometimesby committees. All seem to have foundered, presumably for a mixture oforganizational and financial reasons. I tried to initiate such a project myself,twice, but failed both times, for the same reasons. The need for a proper linguistics
Page 2 and 3: A Dictionary of Linguistics and Pho
Page 4 and 5: A Dictionary of Linguisticsand Phon
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the Sixth Editionviidict
Page 10 and 11: Preface to the Sixth Editionixlangu
Page 12 and 13: AcknowledgementsFor the first editi
Page 14 and 15: List of AbbreviationsTerm Gloss Rel
Page 16 and 17: List of AbbreviationsxvDAF delayed
Page 18 and 19: List of AbbreviationsxviiIE Indo-Eu
Page 20 and 21: List of Abbreviationsxixpart, PART
Page 22 and 23: List of AbbreviationsxxiUTAH unifor
Page 24 and 25: List of Symbolsxxiii* asterisk; sta
Page 26 and 27: The InternationalPhonetic Alphabetr
Page 28 and 29: 2 A-bindingabessive’) is found in
Page 30 and 31: 4 accentologyof its syllables: one
Page 32 and 33: 6 accessibleaccessible (adj.)see ac
Page 34 and 35: 8 acquirefundamental frequency of t
Page 36 and 37: 10 actualizationactualization (n.)
Page 38 and 39: 12 adjoinclass in English (and simi
Page 40 and 41: 14 adultocentriclinguistic area. Ad
Page 42 and 43: 16 affixal morphologyare a type of
Page 44 and 45: 18 AGRAGR /caìv/see agreementagram
Page 46 and 47: 20 allegrowith illative, adessive a
Page 48 and 49: 22 alternative setusual symbol for
Page 50 and 51: 24 anacoluthongreater the intensity
Page 52 and 53: 26 anchorvowels are also known as p
Page 54 and 55: 28 antiformant(2) The term is also
Page 56 and 57:
30 aphesisaphesis /cafvs}s/ (n.), a
Page 58 and 59:
32 appropriatenessappropriateness (
Page 60 and 61:
34 arityother term to the predicate
Page 62 and 63:
36 articulator modelairflow through
Page 64 and 65:
38 aspectaspect (n.) (asp) A catego
Page 66 and 67:
40 assimilatorySeveral types of ass
Page 68 and 69:
42 asymmetric rhythmic theoryman do
Page 70 and 71:
44 auditory phoneticsand John MacDo
Page 72 and 73:
46 auxiliarylinear arrangement of s
Page 74 and 75:
Bbaby-talk (n.)see child-directed s
Page 76 and 77:
50 barrierbarrier (n.) A term used
Page 78 and 79:
52 benefactiveanticipate the develo
Page 80 and 81:
54 binaritybinarity, binarism (n.)s
Page 82 and 83:
56 bivalentphones, and vice versa -
Page 84 and 85:
58 BloomfieldianismBloomfieldianism
Page 86 and 87:
60 bow-wow theorybow-wow theory The
Page 88 and 89:
62 branching quantifiersbranching q
Page 90 and 91:
CC An abbreviation in government-bi
Page 92 and 93:
66 caregiver/caretaker speechVOWELS
Page 94 and 95:
68 cataphoraused with an objective
Page 96 and 97:
70 causativecause and effect leadin
Page 98 and 99:
72 CHAIN(2) In government-binding t
Page 100 and 101:
74 checkingin a short time interval
Page 102 and 103:
76 Chomsky hierarchyand psychologis
Page 104 and 105:
78 classificationclassification (n.
Page 106 and 107:
80 cline[!] formerly [t], and later
Page 108 and 109:
82 coalescein syllables in English,
Page 110 and 111:
84 cognisea cognate subject-verb-ob
Page 112 and 113:
86 collapseelements belonging to th
Page 114 and 115:
88 commentterm ‘command’, but o
Page 116 and 117:
90 communication sciencethat langua
Page 118 and 119:
92 competencelengthened when a syll
Page 120 and 121:
94 complete assimilationcomplete as
Page 122 and 123:
96 componential analysisthe strengt
Page 124 and 125:
98 concatenatetake into account the
Page 126 and 127:
100 condition on extraction domains
Page 128 and 129:
102 connectionconnection (n.) A ter
Page 130 and 131:
104 conspireconspire (v.)see conspi
Page 132 and 133:
106 constraint demotion algorithmLa
Page 134 and 135:
108 contact assimilationrestricted
Page 136 and 137:
110 contextualizesemantics. Context
Page 138 and 139:
112 contrarythat John has not gone.
Page 140 and 141:
114 conversational turnconversation
Page 142 and 143:
116 copulacopula (n.) A term used i
Page 144 and 145:
118 corpus-internal/-external evide
Page 146 and 147:
120 counter-agentmuch information.
Page 148 and 149:
122 creativitysuch as Oh I don’t
Page 150 and 151:
124 cross-sectionalco-referential.
Page 152 and 153:
126 cyclephrase-marker (the first c
Page 154 and 155:
Ddangling participle In traditional
Page 156 and 157:
130 deadjectivalsuch as ∃(e[hit(e
Page 158 and 159:
132 defaultdefault (n.) The applica
Page 160 and 161:
134 delayeddelayed (adj.) One of th
Page 162 and 163:
136 denotationexample, in the garde
Page 164 and 165:
138 dependentrelation holds between
Page 166 and 167:
140 descriptive adequacy/grammar/li
Page 168 and 169:
142 diachronic[ai] etc.; a diamorph
Page 170 and 171:
144 dialectalizationparticular prof
Page 172 and 173:
146 diphthonghas also been called t
Page 174 and 175:
148 discourseargues that languages
Page 176 and 177:
150 disharmonysignal can be analyse
Page 178 and 179:
152 distinctivenessfor particular s
Page 180 and 181:
154 distributed representationdistr
Page 182 and 183:
156 donkey sentenceand N are direct
Page 184 and 185:
158 downward entailinggenerally as
Page 186 and 187:
160 dynamic linguistics/phonetics/p
Page 188 and 189:
162 ecological linguisticscultural
Page 190 and 191:
164 egressiveegressive (adj.) A ter
Page 192 and 193:
166 elisionelision (n.) A term used
Page 194 and 195:
168 empiricismempiricism (n.) An ap
Page 196 and 197:
170 entrenchfollows from (is entail
Page 198 and 199:
172 equi NP deletionequative senten
Page 200 and 201:
174 état de languethe increased us
Page 202 and 203:
176 evaluative(periodicity), such a
Page 204 and 205:
178 exhaustivenessphonetics, the ap
Page 206 and 207:
180 exponenceexponence (n.) A conce
Page 208 and 209:
182 extralinguisticit is possible t
Page 210 and 211:
Fface (n.) In pragmatics and intera
Page 212 and 213:
186 fathereseremote degree of relat
Page 214 and 215:
188 felicity conditionsfelicity con
Page 216 and 217:
190 finite automataindependent sent
Page 218 and 219:
192 flatflat (adj.) (1) A term used
Page 220 and 221:
194 FOOTBINFOOTBIN (n.) In optimali
Page 222 and 223:
196 formantformant (n.) (F) A term
Page 224 and 225:
198 freeused to specify the range o
Page 226 and 227:
200 front/r/ is often articulated i
Page 228 and 229:
202 functional application/composit
Page 230 and 231:
204 fusioncomponent in a complex so
Page 232 and 233:
206 geminationgemination (n.) A ter
Page 234 and 235:
208 generalized quantifier theoryse
Page 236 and 237:
210 genitivegenitive (adj./n.) (gen
Page 238 and 239:
212 gliding vowelgliding vowel see
Page 240 and 241:
214 goaldifferent university centre
Page 242 and 243:
216 government theorygovernment and
Page 244 and 245:
218 grammar inductionterm tradition
Page 246 and 247:
220 graphemegrapheme (n.) The minim
Page 248 and 249:
222 ground nounground nounsee grind
Page 250 and 251:
224 hapax legomenonhapax legomenon
Page 252 and 253:
226 head-driven phrase-structure gr
Page 254 and 255:
228 hiatusheuristic’), and used a
Page 256 and 257:
230 hodiernallinguistic data; oppos
Page 258 and 259:
232 horizontal grouping/splittingho
Page 260 and 261:
Iiamb (n.) A traditional term in me
Page 262 and 263:
236 idiomidiom (n.) A term used in
Page 264 and 265:
238 imperfect tenseimperfect tense
Page 266 and 267:
240 inclusivegiven an excluding int
Page 268 and 269:
242 indicativehas come to be known
Page 270 and 271:
244 inflectional language(2) (INFL,
Page 272 and 273:
246 inheritanceinheritance (n.) A t
Page 274 and 275:
248 instrumentaland business. As ot
Page 276 and 277:
250 interlinguaview, phonology woul
Page 278 and 279:
252 interruptibilityinterruptibilit
Page 280 and 281:
254 invariablein generative grammar
Page 282 and 283:
256 isoglossintervals throughout an
Page 284 and 285:
JJakobsonian (adj.) Characteristic
Page 286 and 287:
KKatz-Postal hypothesis A proposed
Page 288 and 289:
262 knowledge about languageknowled
Page 290 and 291:
264 labio-velarfor a labio-dental s
Page 292 and 293:
266 language acquisition deviceof c
Page 294 and 295:
268 language minorityin the USA); o
Page 296 and 297:
270 last-cyclic rulesformer heading
Page 298 and 299:
272 learninglanguage can in princip
Page 300 and 301:
274 lenisstudied in terms of the nu
Page 302 and 303:
276 level-skippinglevel-skipping (n
Page 304 and 305:
278 lexical retrieval‘types’ is
Page 306 and 307:
280 lexotacticsare used to simplify
Page 308 and 309:
282 linear precedence rulelinear pr
Page 310 and 311:
284 linguisticsrecent and rapid, ha
Page 312 and 313:
286 lip-roundinglip-roundingsee rou
Page 314 and 315:
288 locuscase form (‘a locative
Page 316 and 317:
290 loopbackfollows the course of l
Page 318 and 319:
Mmacrolinguistics (n.) A term used
Page 320 and 321:
294 manner adverb(ial)features, sou
Page 322 and 323:
296 markersentences illustrate this
Page 324 and 325:
298 maximal-commandThe student who
Page 326 and 327:
300 meaning constructionthe imperat
Page 328 and 329:
302 meronymyto as ‘phonemic split
Page 330 and 331:
304 metrical phonologyL3L2L1xthirwx
Page 332 and 333:
306 minimal free formof go is Mary:
Page 334 and 335:
308 mixingmixing (n.)M-level (n.)se
Page 336 and 337:
310 modifiermodification-head-quali
Page 338 and 339:
312 Montague grammarMontague gramma
Page 340 and 341:
314 morpheme-based morphologymorphe
Page 342 and 343:
316 morphotacticsmorphotactics (n.)
Page 344 and 345:
318 multilingualthe same set of fea
Page 346 and 347:
Nnarrative (adj./n.) An application
Page 348 and 349:
322 nativismit as a second or forei
Page 350 and 351:
324 negative concord(as in French n
Page 352 and 353:
326 neurological linguisticsneurolo
Page 354 and 355:
328 noiseThe notion has achieved sp
Page 356 and 357:
330 non-definitenon-definite (adj.)
Page 358 and 359:
332 non-sexist languagetable. Such
Page 360 and 361:
334 noun incorporationare often des
Page 362 and 363:
Oobject (n.) (O, Obj, OBJ) A term u
Page 364 and 365:
338 obsoleteprevious era, such as l
Page 366 and 367:
340 openThe structure is ill formed
Page 368 and 369:
342 oppositionopposition (n.) A ter
Page 370 and 371:
344 orderis introduced, correspondi
Page 372 and 373:
346 overtThe notion of complete ove
Page 374 and 375:
348 palato-alveolarwhole of the upp
Page 376 and 377:
350 parametric phonetics(2) See par
Page 378 and 379:
352 particleThe name comes from the
Page 380 and 381:
354 past perfectpast perfectsee per
Page 382 and 383:
356 perceptionperception (n.) The g
Page 384 and 385:
358 peripheralat the next level, hi
Page 386 and 387:
360 phatic communionduring which th
Page 388 and 389:
362 phonemehave as few as fifteen p
Page 390 and 391:
364 phonetic settingreflects the ai
Page 392 and 393:
366 phonostylisticsboth of which re
Page 394 and 395:
368 phylogenygenerative device. Phr
Page 396 and 397:
370 pitch meteralso been applied to
Page 398 and 399:
372 plethysmograph(2) In the study
Page 400 and 401:
374 polysyllablelarge proportion of
Page 402 and 403:
376 positive(e.g. unsuccessful cann
Page 404 and 405:
378 postvocalicpostvocalic (adj.) I
Page 406 and 407:
380 Prague Schoolto do with narrati
Page 408 and 409:
382 predicate calculusfixed number
Page 410 and 411:
384 prerequisitesprerequisites (n.)
Page 412 and 413:
386 primitiveprimitive (adj./n.) An
Page 414 and 415:
388 processprocedures, of which thr
Page 416 and 417:
390 pro-formor pattern. A pattern i
Page 418 and 419:
392 proprelative pronouns, e.g. who
Page 420 and 421:
394 protasisunit, such as consonant
Page 422 and 423:
396 psycholexicologyinterest, frigh
Page 424 and 425:
Qqualia structure /ckwe}l}v/, singu
Page 426 and 427:
400 questionproduce such changes, w
Page 428 and 429:
402 rankclassical TG subject-raisin
Page 430 and 431:
404 reassociationtaken together as
Page 432 and 433:
406 recursively enumerableThese rul
Page 434 and 435:
408 referentreferent (n.) A term us
Page 436 and 437:
410 regular grammarthe notion was i
Page 438 and 439:
412 relativized minimalityrelativiz
Page 440 and 441:
414 resonanceresonance (n.) A term
Page 442 and 443:
416 reversiblereversible (adj.)see
Page 444 and 445:
418 right dislocationright dislocat
Page 446 and 447:
420 root-and-patternapplies only to
Page 448 and 449:
SS′ An abbreviation used in gener
Page 450 and 451:
424 scansionby establishing four th
Page 452 and 453:
426 segmentsegment (n.) A term used
Page 454 and 455:
428 semanticitysemanticity (n.) A v
Page 456 and 457:
430 semantic selectionsemantic sele
Page 458 and 459:
432 semologythat of a vowel; though
Page 460 and 461:
434 serial relationshiphe will win,
Page 462 and 463:
436 sight translationa narrow, groo
Page 464 and 465:
438 single-feature assimilationsing
Page 466 and 467:
440 sluicingthe sentence The childr
Page 468 and 469:
442 sonorantsonorant (adj./n.) (son
Page 470 and 471:
444 space grammar(6) In the linguis
Page 472 and 473:
446 speech actillocutionary force a
Page 474 and 475:
448 speech timeacoustic or articula
Page 476 and 477:
450 stabilityenriched by the inclus
Page 478 and 479:
452 statistical universalthe aim of
Page 480 and 481:
454 straysystem deals with an aspec
Page 482 and 483:
456 stress-footbut in the phrase th
Page 484 and 485:
458 structural ambiguitylargely dat
Page 486 and 487:
460 stylisticsstylistics (n.) A bra
Page 488 and 489:
462 subjectivesubjective (adj.)subj
Page 490 and 491:
464 substratumsuperiority, as can b
Page 492 and 493:
466 supplementary movementssuppleme
Page 494 and 495:
468 syllableproduce consonants. Thi
Page 496 and 497:
470 syndetonsynchronically to refer
Page 498 and 499:
472 synthesisexamples: syntactical
Page 500 and 501:
474 systematic phoneticssystematic
Page 502 and 503:
476 tacticthe fact that their intui
Page 504 and 505:
478 taxisrelationship. Combinations
Page 506 and 507:
480 tensedTense forms (i.e. variati
Page 508 and 509:
482 text deixisthe text in which th
Page 510 and 511:
484 theolinguisticstheolinguistics
Page 512 and 513:
486 tonal polaritytonal polarity se
Page 514 and 515:
488 tonogenesison the meaning inten
Page 516 and 517:
490 transcriptionliterary excellenc
Page 518 and 519:
492 transformation(where be is a fo
Page 520 and 521:
494 transitivitytransitivity (n.) A
Page 522 and 523:
496 triadictriadic (adj.) A term us
Page 524 and 525:
498 truth valuefunctions which map
Page 526 and 527:
Uultimate constituent (UC) A term u
Page 528 and 529:
502 unfootedbinary feature matrices
Page 530 and 531:
504 universaluniversal (adj./n.) A
Page 532 and 533:
506 uvularBut it has proved very di
Page 534 and 535:
508 valleyvalley (n.)see peak, syll
Page 536 and 537:
510 velaricA loose auditory label f
Page 538 and 539:
512 vertical grouping/splittingwork
Page 540 and 541:
514 vocal lips(2) In phonetics, a t
Page 542 and 543:
516 voice qualifiersometimes made t
Page 544 and 545:
518 vowel shiftvowel shiftsee sound
Page 546 and 547:
520 weak generative capacityweak ge
Page 548 and 549:
522 worddifferent structural types.
Page 550 and 551:
524 word grammarIn a more restricte
Page 552 and 553:
526 X-tierX-tier (n.) A term used i
Page 554 and 555:
Zzero (adj./n.) A term used in some
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A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

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