A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

448 speech time
acoustic or articulatory properties. The devices involved are known as speech
synthesizers. Acoustic domain analogs or terminal analogs replicate the acoustic
properties of the vocal tract in terms of its output. The tract is represented
using a source-filter model, and several devices have been devised to synthesize
speech in this way, such as the early channel vocoders, the spectrogram-based
formant synthesizers, and linear prediction coefficient (LPC) synthesizers.
Articulatory analogs replicate the anatomical geometry of the vocal tract between
the larynx and the lips, in so far as information about the dynamic properties
of the phonatory and articulatory parameters is available. A further technique is
called text-to-speech synthesis, in which written texts are automatically transformed
into their spoken equivalents (see text-to-speech).
speech time
speed (n.)
see Reichenbachian
see rate
spell-out (n.) In the minimalist programme, an operation which distinguishes
the phonetic representation within a structural description from other
kinds of information. The operation motivates the distinction between phonetic
form (PF) and logical form (LF). Semantic information is not allowed in PF
representations, and phonological information is not allowed in LF representations.
Movements which occur before spell-out will affect the pronunciation of
a sentence; those which occur afterwards will not. Since spell-out is an operation,
it is different from S-structure, a structural representation, in governmentbinding
theory. In later minimalist thinking, spell-out is called transfer.
spike (n.) In acoustic phonetics, a burst of acoustic energy with an abrupt
onset and very short duration. It is typically seen in a spectrogram at the point
where a plosive consonant closure is released.
spirant (adj./n.)
split antecedent
see fricative
see antecedent
split ergative
split infinitive
see ergative
see infinitive
split morphology
see morphology
splitting (n.) see realization (3)
spoken medium
see speech
Sprachbund /càprwpxbänt/ (n.)
Sprachgefühl /càprwpxìvfypl/ (n.)
see area
see intuition
spread (n.)
see language spread, spreading