A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

118 corpus-internal/-external evidence
(2) See language planning.
corpus-internal/-external evidence
see internal evidence
correctness (n.) A term usually encountered in linguistics in the context of
criticism of prescriptive attitudes to language. The judgements of traditional
grammarians that usages were either ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ (correct v. incorrect)
has been replaced by a concern to describe the observable facts of linguistic
usage, without reference to value judgements, and to replace absolute notions
of correctness by an emphasis on the relative appropriateness of language
to social settings. Similarly, the question of evaluating grammar in terms of
correctness (as in a decision procedure) has given way to a concern over the
relative merits of competing grammars, bearing in mind their purpose (as in an
evaluation procedure). See also acceptability.
correlation (n.) A term used in Prague School phonology to refer to a
systematic relationship between two series of sounds. For example, the series of
voiceless and voiced fricatives in English are related by a ‘correlation’ of
voice; voice is thereby the ‘mark of correlation’.
correlative (adj.) In grammar, referring to a construction which uses a pair of
connecting words. Constructions of this kind in English include either . . . or . . . ,
not only . . . but also . . . and if . . . then. . . .
correspond (v.)
see correspondence
correspondence (n.) (1) A term used in linguistics to refer to any similarity
of form between words or structures in related languages. For example,
there is a stateable relationship between the sound structure of such words as
fish and piscis (Latin); /f/ and /p/ can be shown to be in systematic correspondence,
because of the nature of the sound changes which took place in the history
of English.
(2) A sub-theory within optimality theory which focuses on the relationship
between two forms. Correspondence relations and constraints on correspondence
relations can obtain between any two representations, such as an input
and a candidate output, or an input and a part of a candidate (such as a base
or a feature). Related forms are in correspondence when there is a mapping
from one form to the other. Examples of correspondence constraints are: every
feature or segment in the input has an identical correspondent in the output
(maximality) and segments should be in the same order in input and output
representations (linearity). See also alignment, contiguity, dependence,
identity.
(3) The notion is often encountered in semantic discussion, deriving from the
common philosophical view of truth, that a proposition is true only if it
denotes an actual state of affairs which verifies it. The classical correspondence
theory of meaning argued that there is a direct relationship between a linguistic
form and the entity it denotes, as shown, for example, by the existence of
onomatopoeic words (such as splash and murmur). Because the vast majority of
the words in a language demonstrate only the arbitrariness of the relationship