A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

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(see hypercorrection). The terms have also been used so as to focus on the
relationships of social class which are implicated. Here, ‘change from below’ is
seen when the speech of people from a higher-class background is influenced by
that of lower-class speakers – in situations, for example, where the former group
admires the latter’s traditional way of life. ‘Change from above’ involves the
reverse process: lower-class people come to recognize the high prestige attached
to certain pronunciations, which they then introduce into their speech. See also
language change, overt (2).
channel (n.)
see medium
character (n.) (1) In semantic studies of demonstratives and indexicals, a
term referring to a function which maps each possible pragmatic context
onto the expression’s content relative to that context.
(2) See logogram.
charm (n.) In government phonology, a term adapted from particle
physics, and used to refer to a property of the combinatorial possibilities of
the primitive elements which form phonological segments. Segments may be
positively charmed (e.g. vowels) or negatively charmed (e.g. plosives), or they
may be neutral (charmless, e.g. liquids). Charmed segments may govern; charmless
segments may be governed. Positively charmed segments may not occur in
non-nuclear positions; negatively charmed segments may not occur in nuclear
positions.
charmed, charmless (adj.)
see charm
chart (n.) (1) A term used in phonetics to refer to the International Phonetic
Association’s classification of the sounds of language presented in matrix
form: the ‘IPA chart’. See p. xxv of this dictionary.
(2) A term used in autosegmental phonology for a pair of tiers along
with the set of association lines which relates them.
chart parser In computational linguistics, a procedure which builds up a
representation of the constituents present in a sentence during a parsing
operation. A chart is a set of entries, each of which consists of the name of a
terminal or non-terminal symbol, the starting-point of the entry, and the entry
length. The parsing process involves a key list (a stack of entries waiting to be
entered into the chart) and a set of rules (arcs or edges) that apply to the
entries. Each arc represents the application of a rule to build a constituent, and
is labelled with the rule it represents. Several kinds of chart parsers have been
developed in natural language processing, using different programming
languages and procedures (e.g. top-down and bottom-up algorithms).
checked (adj.) (1) One of the features of sound set up by Jakobson and Halle
(see Jakobsonian) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, to
handle secondary articulations – in this case, glottalization. Checked consonants
are defined, both articulatorily and acoustically, as those sounds produced
with accompanying glottal activity, involving a rapid energy discharge