A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

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formulated using referentiality indices (co-indexing), e.g. She i said she i would
go (co-referential) v. She i said she j would go (‘non-co-referential’).
co-representational grammar A linguistic theory developed in the 1970s as
an alternative to transformational grammar, which aims to relate surface
structure directly to semantic structure. The approach proposes a single
structure which co-represents both the syntactic and the semantic aspects of a
sentence’s internal relations. The single level of surface syntactic structure
contains only information about class membership, linear sequence and nounphrase
hierarchy; the semantic structure contains only information about the
relations between predicates and their arguments.
coronal (adj.) (cor, COR) One of the features of sound set up by Chomsky and
Halle (see Chomskyan) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, to
handle variations in place of articulation (cavity features). Coronal sounds
are defined articulatorily, as those produced with the blade of the tongue
raised from its neutral position. alveolar, dental and palato-alveolar consonants
are [+coronal] (abbreviated as [+cor]). Its opposite is non-coronal,
referring to sounds produced with the tongue blade in neutral position, as in
labial and velar consonants [−coronal] ([−cor]). The term has continued to be
used in later phonological theory, especially in various non-linear models. For
example, in articulator-based feature models, it refers to a single-valued
node involving the tongue front as an active articulator. In constrictionbased
models, it is defined as a constriction formed by the front of the tongue.
Coronalization is a term used to express several kinds of relationship between
coronal consonants and front vowels (see palatalization); for example,
the process of velar consonants becoming coronal, or anterior consonants
becoming coronal, before front vowels.
coronalization (n.)
see coronal
corpus, plural corpora (n.) (1) A collection of linguistic data, either written
texts or a transcription of recorded speech, which can be used as a startingpoint
of linguistic description or as a means of verifying hypotheses about a
language (corpus linguistics). Linguistic descriptions which are ‘corpusrestricted’
have been the subject of criticism, especially by generative grammarians,
who point to the limitations of corpora (e.g. that they are samples
of performance only, and that one still needs a means of projecting beyond
the corpus to the language as a whole). In fieldwork on a new language, or
in historical study, it may be very difficult to get beyond one’s corpus (i.e.
it is a ‘closed’ as opposed to an ‘extendable’ corpus), but in languages where
linguists have regular access to native-speakers (and may be native-speakers
themselves) their approach will invariably be ‘corpus-based’, rather than corpusrestricted.
Corpora provide the basis for one kind of computational linguistics.
A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts. Increasingly
large corpora (especially of English) have been compiled since the 1980s,
and are used both in the development of natural language processing software
and in such applications as lexicography, speech recognition, and machine
translation.