A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

substrate 463
subordinator (n.)
see subordination
sub-phonemic variant
see allosubsegment
(n.)
see segment
substance (n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to the undifferentiated raw
material out of which language is constructed – the sound waves of speech
(phonic substance), the marks of writing (graphic substance). ‘Substance’ is
here opposed to form – the abstract pattern of relationships imposed on this
substance by a language. In Saussurean theory, meaning too is conceived as
having substance, namely, the conceptual store of thoughts, feelings, etc., which
exist independently of language. In modern linguistics, however, the term tends
to be restricted to the phonetic and graphetic media (as in Hallidayan
theory, where ‘substance’ is recognized as a separate level).
substandard (adj.)
see standard
substantive (n.) (1) A term used in linguistic theory to refer to a category of
linguistic universal; opposed to formal. Substantive (or substantival) universals
are the primitive elements which a grammar establishes in order to analyse
linguistic data, e.g. S, NP, VP, [+human], [+high] in generative grammar, or
subject, verb, object, etc., in relational models.
(2) In some descriptive grammars, substantive is a term used in the classification
of words, referring to the class of nouns (traditionally defined as
‘substances’, i.e. names of persons, places, things, etc.), and also to those items
which function as nouns, though lacking some of the formal characteristics of
that class (cf. the ‘substantival function’ of adjectives, in the poor, the rich,
etc.). The set of pronouns may also be included in this class.
substitution (n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to the process or result of
replacing one item by another at a particular place in a structure. In grammar,
the structural context within which this replacement occurs is known as
a substitution frame, e.g. The — is angry, and the set of items which can be used
paradigmatically at a given place is known as a substitution class. A word
which refers back to a previously occurring element of structure (such as the
pronoun he in The man came in. He was smiling.) may be called a substitute
word. In government-binding theory, substitution is one of the two main
types of movement process (the other being adjunction); it involves the moved
category replacing an empty category of the same kind in accordance with the
structure-preserving constraint. In language teaching, exercises to improve
the ability of learners to carry out a process of item replacement are known as
substitution drills (or ‘pattern drills’).
substrate (n.) A term used in sociolinguistics and historical linguistics to
refer to a linguistic variety or set of forms which has influenced the structure
or use of a more dominant variety or language within a community. A
substrate language (linguistic substrate or substratum) is particularly evidenced
when a language is imposed on a community, as a result of political or economic