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Cygnet was careened, not wrecked, it has not been a focus of archaeological research to date. A search of relevant databases and journals for any record of archaeological work at Karrakatta Bay offered no results. The Department of Maritime Archaeology (DMA) at the Western Australian Museum (J Green pers. comm. and S Cox pers. comm. March 2010) indicated that very little archaeological fieldwork had been undertaken along the Kimberley coast by their Department and that there was no known archaeological evidence for the Cygnet or her crew at Karrakatta Bay. Ross Anderson also from the DMA, claimed that recent fieldwork undertaken by the DMA in the Kimberley area did not investigate this site in any further detail (R Anderson pers. comm.). Careening sites are generally very ephemeral, leaving little evidence of such activity. The Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at the Western Australian Museum advised that there were stonewall fish traps at Karrakatta Bay as Dampier described in his journal (M Smith pers. comm. March 2010). Moira Smith at this museum noted that she had hoped to find obvious evidence of the encounter camps but did not find any in the course of her field work. Thus, while it is possible there is archaeological evidence for the careening of the Cygnet and her crew at Karrakatta Bay, most likely in the form of refuse pits/areas and lost or discarded personal items, the necessary fieldwork has not been undertaken to ascertain its existence. For the Karrakatta Bay site to meet threshold under criterion (c), it is necessary for the archaeological evidence to be demonstrable. As stated above, the necessary fieldwork has not been undertaken to establish the existence of archaeological remains at Karrakatta Bay. As such, Karrakatta Bay does not meet the necessary threshold for listing under criterion (c). Even if the necessary fieldwork was undertaken at Karrakatta Bay and the archaeological evidence as described above was uncovered, it is not likely this evidence would offer any greater insight into the period of the late seventeenth century or the lives of maritime explorers/buccaneers. Dampier kept very detailed journals of his voyages during this period which provide valuable information. It is arguable that should evidence which adds to our knowledge of the period be discovered at the site, it may still not be outstanding in a way which meets the threshold of national importance. In summary Karrakatta Bay is considered to be below threshold under criterion (c). This is due to the lack of demonstrable archaeological evidence at the site. In addition, the question remains as to whether the archaeological evidence, were it actually found, would offer additional information of national significance. Careening Bay Careening Bay is a small bay situated at the base of Port Nelson, Western Australia. It is protected at its northern end by a natural breakwater of black rocks. A white sandy beach, a part of Prince Regent Nature Reserve, faces onto the bay. In 1820, Philip Parker King careened his ship, the Mermaid, for crucial repairs at Careening Bay over about a three week period. The repairs made to the Mermaid enabled King to continue his survey of the Australian coast. This survey work would 154
complete what Matthew Flinders had begun, nearly two decades earlier, and led to the production of maps which allowed for safely-navigable coastal shipping routes. These maps were published as Admiralty charts and had a lasting influence, with several of King's coastal sheets and plans of harbours and gulfs still in use in the mid-twentieth century (Pearson 2005). Archaeological evidence that can attest to the presence of the Mermaid and its crew may be found at Careening Bay. The length of the Mermaid's stay at Careening Bay (up to three weeks) increases the likelihood of the existence of such evidence. An estimate of the archaeological evidence that can be expected to be found at Careening Bay is gained from King's published journal, Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia (originally published in 1827). He describes a boab tree that was carved by his crew with the words 'HMC Mermaid 1820'. This tree, he claimed on his return nearly a year later, 'seemed likely to bear the marks of our visit longer than any other memento we had left' (King 1969 [1827]). He also mentioned an inscribed copper sheet that was attached to a tree which had been used to prop up the mess tent in their camp. He notes, however, that this was already becoming detached from the tree, when they returned the following year. Upon careening, King's crew found that extensive repairs to the ship were necessary. Large iron bolts and brackets that had been salvaged from another ship, the Frederick, were required to hold together a large rent in the Mermaid's keel. Chain plates, also salvaged from the Frederick were forged into a large iron brace to help hold the ship together. To do this, members of the Mermaid crew constructed a forge from local stone and created their own charcoal from the plentiful trees nearby (Hordern 1997). It is possible that evidence of this forge, refuse and charcoal remain at the site. While repairing the ship, King states that they also found the iron nails in the ship's hull to be severely decayed and in need of replacement. It is likely that these would have been left where they fell after removal. King included in his journal a sketch of Careening Bay which depicts the ship on the beach and their camp nearby. The sketch shows that the crew stayed in tents. An area of wooden crates/barrels is situated near their camp, which is very close to the highest tide mark. It seems likely that little evidence of the camp would be left as the tents and crate/barrels would have been taken with them when they left the bay. However, it is safe to assume that a refuse pit/area would be found near where the camp was located. Personal items of crew members, either lost or discarded, might also be present in and around the camp site. Archaeological evidence could offer information on the lives of nineteenth century maritime explorers. Specifically, it offers a glimpse of how such men survived and occupied their time while ashore in remote regions. It could indicate, among other things, what they ate, what sort of conditions they lived in, what type of activities they undertook, and how they went about repairing a careened ship. A literature review was carried out to assess whether research material was likely to be found within the Careening Bay site. 155
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WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT DESCRIP
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In contrast to ontological views of
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These painted images have attracted
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But Geikie Gorge is much more than
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Jirrbal (May to June): At this time
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GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Geologists expla
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(Playford et al. 2009). The feature
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In the absence of any major mountai
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A NATURAL AND CULTURAL REFUGE For t
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Punamii-unpuu is a very important p
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Researchers have found that a numbe
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frogs - a richer assemblage of frog
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The sheer number of islands along t
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Central Kimberley Stretching east f
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striata), above a layer of ribbon g
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visit the bay each year. The Roebuc
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traditional country is located abov
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of Important Wetlands of Australia
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Indonesian fisherman brought tamari
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inland from the coast today. Accord
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Sydney; the Mermaid was barely soun
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EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF THE KIMBERLE
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colonies to import indentured labou
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feared that the policy might lead p
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The Broome community reflected the
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and wealth to the west, the governm
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Hicks wrote: 'We found ourselves ne
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The drove began near Goulburn in 18
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pioneered by already-established Ki
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esponses to Aboriginal resistance.
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south-east around Lake Gregory (Par
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The church's exterior is in the int
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Bungarun Bungarun (the Derby Lepros
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eating snails and weeds. Their one
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From 1943 to 1944, Noonkanbah was u
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In 1965, award wages were granted t
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in May 1978, led directly to the fo
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part of absorbing these cultures' (
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Hann. The remains of the old Gibb R
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CRITERION (a) - The place has outst
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ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
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of note. More tetrapod species are
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The second highest endemism score i
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new genera (see more detail under v
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ainforests, including the golden ba
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considered to provide insights into
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number of endemic freshwater fish i
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southwest of the State (DEH 2001).
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A series of scattered freshwater we
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Kimberley has three plant families
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the southwest of Western Australia
Page 103 and 104: The earliest evidence for the appli
Page 105 and 106: Ethnographic evidence shows that bo
Page 107 and 108: analysis of the west Kimberley agai
Page 109 and 110: Station NT - a feat which became kn
Page 111 and 112: The industry developed into the cul
Page 113 and 114: work in the sugar industry, while n
Page 115 and 116: century, their interest was commerc
Page 117 and 118: Historic shipwrecks A total of 237
Page 119 and 120: The resistance campaign was unprece
Page 121 and 122: Woorunmurra are all recorded as tak
Page 123 and 124: Affairs Department was set up and i
Page 125 and 126: medical examination before being se
Page 127 and 128: 2003; River Junction Research 2006)
Page 129 and 130: The Kimberley Land Council (2010) s
Page 131 and 132: struggle noted, the local maparn, a
Page 133 and 134: practices in relation to consultati
Page 135 and 136: military and population centres wer
Page 137 and 138: could have stood as tall as 5.4-5.6
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Page 141 and 142: Evidence for uninterrupted occupati
Page 143 and 144: century hydrographers and in partic
Page 145 and 146: The Devonian reef outcrops of the L
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Page 149 and 150: phased out' (Morwood 2002, 162). Bu
Page 151 and 152: people whose lives were so closely
Page 153: Karrakatta Bay Karrakatta Bay is a
Page 157 and 158: and the remains of a forge was cite
Page 159 and 160: as well. Taking a longer perspectiv
Page 161 and 162: coastal regions which may exhibit s
Page 163 and 164: The Devonian carbonate complexes of
Page 165 and 166: Antarctic feeding grounds and breed
Page 167 and 168: Additional to international visitor
Page 169 and 170: In summary, within the context of t
Page 171 and 172: people); Paakantyi, Darling River l
Page 173 and 174: knowledgeable about 'magic' (which
Page 175 and 176: (Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993). Othe
Page 177 and 178: * * * * '[I]t was the feeling of ex
Page 179 and 180: were removed from a preliminary lis
Page 181 and 182: King Leopold Ranges Conservation Pa
Page 183 and 184: flickering light and was joined by
Page 185 and 186: Aboriginal rock art paintings in th
Page 187 and 188: There is also a high degree of vari
Page 189 and 190: Ingenuity, resourcefulness and coop
Page 191 and 192: Built in a remote location from loc
Page 193 and 194: The manufacture of the double log r
Page 195 and 196: Shinju Matsuri Festival which conti
Page 197 and 198: In summary, evidence for the identi
Page 199 and 200: life and works of Phillip Parker Ki
Page 201 and 202: to catch up with him, Jandamarra wa
Page 203 and 204: his capture. His tracks were often
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using European weapons against the
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CRITERION (i) - The place has outst
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12). This is the same Wanjina, Nama
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References Abbott, I and A A Burbid
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Akerman, K and J Stanton (1994). Ri
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ongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%
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Berson, J (2004). Protecting dugong
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Braithwaite, R W, G R Friend and J
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Choo, C (2001). Mission girls: Abor
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Crawford, I M (2009). 'Macassan' vo
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DEWHA (2007). Mt William Stone Hatc
Page 227 and 228:
Durack, M (1969). The rock and the
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Graham, G (2001a). Dampierland 2 (D
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Hocking, I, E Shepherd and J Meggit
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Johnstone R E and A H Burbidge (199
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Köhler, F (2010). Three new specie
Page 237 and 238:
Long, J (2006). Swimming in Stone:
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McConnell, K and S O'Connor (1999).
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Morse, K (1993a). Coastwatch: Pleis
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North Australian Indigenous Land an
Page 245 and 246:
Paterson A, G Nicholas Gill and M K
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Price, O F (2004). Indirect evidenc
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Rogers, D I and Pearson G B (2003).
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Sharples, C, R E Mount, T K Pederse
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Stannage, C T (ed.) (1981). Convict
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Trigger, D (1987). Inland, coast an
Page 257 and 258:
Watson, P (1983). This precious fol
Page 259 and 260:
Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corpor
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years of reef deposition and shows
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Aboriginal trade in pearl shell Kim
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B The place has outstanding heritag
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C The place has outstanding heritag
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D The place has outstanding heritag
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E The place has outstanding heritag
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F The place has outstanding heritag
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H The place has outstanding heritag
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