WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT - Department of Sustainability ...

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sometimes even partially submerged. A circle of pegs, tjumundu, on the stern section of the raft was used to hold the seafarer's possessions (Akerman 1975, Love 1939; DAA 1987; Smyth 2007; Vachon 2009). There are many oral accounts about the raft's manufacture (Vachon 2009). Family groups often travelled on one raft and groups of families travelled together from one locality to another. According to Love (1939) the Worrorra are known to have travelled up to 50 kilometres offshore on this type of watercraft. Baler shells were used to carry water on these long voyages. While the rafts could be propelled forward by hand or paddle, it was principally the tidal variation that was used to travel long distances. Bardi people say that the paddles were made of an aromatic native Cyprus wood to repel sharks and that they were used principally to steer the craft, rather than propel it forward (Moya Smith pers. comm. 9 Nov 2009). Neap tides were the optimum tides used to island hop, with people planning voyages around their comprehensive knowledge of the currents and winds. These strong, light rafts also allowed people to exploit a diversity of marine resource depending on the season. These included the hunting of dugong and turtle; turtle and sea bird egg collection; the spearing, poisoning and trapping of fish; and the gathering of shellfish (Smyth 2007 citing Green 1988; Berson 2004; Rouja 1998). With the introduction of the harpoon and line, the bow section of the double raft served as a detachable float when a large animal like a dugong was speared (DAA 1987; Vachon 2009 citing Akerman 1975). Rafts of similar design, but using a single layer of lashed mangrove poles were manufactured by the saltwater people of the Wellesley Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria (including the Kaiadilt, Lardil, Yangkaal, Gangalidda, Gayardilt and Garawa people). The sea conditions under which these rafts were used were nowhere near as extreme as those experienced in the north and west Kimberley. According to Rouja (1998), Bardi fishermen have been using the double layer raft technology to take advantage of the huge tides for millennia with few recorded incidents. Bunuba and Gooniyandi people living along the length of the Fitzroy River also made a double log raft using melaleuca logs rather than mangrove (Pannell 2009). Dugout canoes were also used by Aboriginal people along the north Kimberley coast and elsewhere in northern Australia; a technology introduced by the visiting Macassans. While west Kimberley Aboriginal people regarded these canoes as more manoeuvrable and less susceptible to the influences of wind and tide, the double log rafts were more stable and unsinkable (Smyth 2007 citing Crawford 2001). The strong tidal currents, while a navigational hazard, provided opportunities for skilled and knowledgeable Aboriginal people to travel long distances to hunt, to trade and to maintain social and cultural obligations. These light, unsinkable log rafts, described as 'one of the world's most peculiar watercraft' (Davidson 1935) are a unique marine technical innovation developed by the Aboriginal people of the west Kimberley coast to take advantage of the largest tides in the world. 192
The manufacture of the double log raft from mangrove logs (particularly Rhizophora stylosa) is a unique adaptation to the massive tidal variation of the west Kimberley and has outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (f) for demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement by Aboriginal people in the course of Australia's cultural history. CRITERION (g) – the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. CONTACT, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY European pearling Port of pearls Broome has been associated with Australia's pearling industry for most of the last 120 years. This history and its legacy in the area creates a distinctive place and forms the basis of the area's attraction for Australians and international tourists. The average visitation to Broome is approximately 216,300 people per year including international and domestic visitors (Shire of Broome 2010). Sixty three per cent of this visitation has been attributed to visits for holiday purposes. This compares to Townsville with visitor numbers of 899,000 (46 per cent for holiday purposes) and the Whitsunday region which has a visitation of 627,000; 77 per cent of which relates to people visiting for holiday purposes (Tourism Queensland 2010). This attractiveness as a tourist destination is reinforced by Broome's location on a remote, tropical coast which is closer to parts of Indonesia than Perth, which is 2,185 kilometres to the south. An added element of attraction is Broome's location and function as the gateway to the Kimberley. The vast natural landscapes of the Kimberley, the Buccaneer and Bonaparte archipelagos along a rocky coast with pristine beaches are noted in particular. The large variation in tidal movement (10 metre tides) and other unusual features like Roebuck Bay's bird migration, Gantheaume Point's dinosaur footprints and the off shore whale migration are also elements of visitor attraction. In comparison with other tourist destinations along the tropical coasts of Australia these elements of history and nature are similar in their ability to attract visitation to these areas. Fabled place The Australian community's association with Broome becomes more distinctive when considering the literature inspired by Broome and the surrounding region; including parts of the Kimberley and northern pearling coast. Tim Winton (2001) writes about Broome as being the fabled town. Some examples of books written about the place include A pearling master's journey (Norman 2007), The master pearler's daughter (Hemphill 2005), Beyond the lattice: Broome's early years (Sickert 2003), Broome oral history project: Pearl Hamaguchi (2006), Broome: saltwater cowboys: the people and the place (Ainslie 2002), Broome: through the lens of master photographer Fernande Kuypers (Kuypers 2002), 193
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WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT DESCRIP
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In contrast to ontological views of
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These painted images have attracted
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But Geikie Gorge is much more than
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Jirrbal (May to June): At this time
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GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Geologists expla
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(Playford et al. 2009). The feature
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In the absence of any major mountai
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A NATURAL AND CULTURAL REFUGE For t
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Punamii-unpuu is a very important p
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Researchers have found that a numbe
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frogs - a richer assemblage of frog
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The sheer number of islands along t
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Central Kimberley Stretching east f
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striata), above a layer of ribbon g
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visit the bay each year. The Roebuc
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traditional country is located abov
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of Important Wetlands of Australia
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Indonesian fisherman brought tamari
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inland from the coast today. Accord
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Sydney; the Mermaid was barely soun
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EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF THE KIMBERLE
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colonies to import indentured labou
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feared that the policy might lead p
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The Broome community reflected the
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and wealth to the west, the governm
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Hicks wrote: 'We found ourselves ne
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The drove began near Goulburn in 18
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pioneered by already-established Ki
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esponses to Aboriginal resistance.
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south-east around Lake Gregory (Par
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The church's exterior is in the int
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Bungarun Bungarun (the Derby Lepros
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eating snails and weeds. Their one
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From 1943 to 1944, Noonkanbah was u
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In 1965, award wages were granted t
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in May 1978, led directly to the fo
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part of absorbing these cultures' (
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Hann. The remains of the old Gibb R
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CRITERION (a) - The place has outst
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ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
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of note. More tetrapod species are
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The second highest endemism score i
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new genera (see more detail under v
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ainforests, including the golden ba
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considered to provide insights into
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number of endemic freshwater fish i
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southwest of the State (DEH 2001).
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A series of scattered freshwater we
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Kimberley has three plant families
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the southwest of Western Australia
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The earliest evidence for the appli
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Ethnographic evidence shows that bo
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analysis of the west Kimberley agai
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Station NT - a feat which became kn
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The industry developed into the cul
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work in the sugar industry, while n
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century, their interest was commerc
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Historic shipwrecks A total of 237
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The resistance campaign was unprece
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Woorunmurra are all recorded as tak
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Affairs Department was set up and i
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medical examination before being se
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2003; River Junction Research 2006)
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The Kimberley Land Council (2010) s
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struggle noted, the local maparn, a
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practices in relation to consultati
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military and population centres wer
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could have stood as tall as 5.4-5.6
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younger and smaller than the Lake G
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Page 149 and 150: phased out' (Morwood 2002, 162). Bu
Page 151 and 152: people whose lives were so closely
Page 153 and 154: Karrakatta Bay Karrakatta Bay is a
Page 155 and 156: complete what Matthew Flinders had
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Page 159 and 160: as well. Taking a longer perspectiv
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Page 167 and 168: Additional to international visitor
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Page 171 and 172: people); Paakantyi, Darling River l
Page 173 and 174: knowledgeable about 'magic' (which
Page 175 and 176: (Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993). Othe
Page 177 and 178: * * * * '[I]t was the feeling of ex
Page 179 and 180: were removed from a preliminary lis
Page 181 and 182: King Leopold Ranges Conservation Pa
Page 183 and 184: flickering light and was joined by
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Page 187 and 188: There is also a high degree of vari
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Page 191: Built in a remote location from loc
Page 195 and 196: Shinju Matsuri Festival which conti
Page 197 and 198: In summary, evidence for the identi
Page 199 and 200: life and works of Phillip Parker Ki
Page 201 and 202: to catch up with him, Jandamarra wa
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Page 207 and 208: CRITERION (i) - The place has outst
Page 209 and 210: 12). This is the same Wanjina, Nama
Page 211 and 212: References Abbott, I and A A Burbid
Page 213 and 214: Akerman, K and J Stanton (1994). Ri
Page 215 and 216: ongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%
Page 217 and 218: Berson, J (2004). Protecting dugong
Page 219 and 220: Braithwaite, R W, G R Friend and J
Page 221 and 222: Choo, C (2001). Mission girls: Abor
Page 223 and 224: Crawford, I M (2009). 'Macassan' vo
Page 225 and 226: DEWHA (2007). Mt William Stone Hatc
Page 227 and 228: Durack, M (1969). The rock and the
Page 229 and 230: Graham, G (2001a). Dampierland 2 (D
Page 231 and 232: Hocking, I, E Shepherd and J Meggit
Page 233 and 234: Johnstone R E and A H Burbidge (199
Page 235 and 236: Köhler, F (2010). Three new specie
Page 237 and 238: Long, J (2006). Swimming in Stone:
Page 239 and 240: McConnell, K and S O'Connor (1999).
Page 241 and 242: Morse, K (1993a). Coastwatch: Pleis
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North Australian Indigenous Land an
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Paterson A, G Nicholas Gill and M K
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Price, O F (2004). Indirect evidenc
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Rogers, D I and Pearson G B (2003).
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Sharples, C, R E Mount, T K Pederse
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Stannage, C T (ed.) (1981). Convict
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Trigger, D (1987). Inland, coast an
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Watson, P (1983). This precious fol
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Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corpor
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years of reef deposition and shows
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Aboriginal trade in pearl shell Kim
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B The place has outstanding heritag
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C The place has outstanding heritag
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D The place has outstanding heritag
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E The place has outstanding heritag
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F The place has outstanding heritag
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H The place has outstanding heritag
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