WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT - Department of Sustainability ...

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18 species that are endemic to the region, the west Kimberley has the highest number of endemic freshwater fish in comparison to any other region in Australia (Allen et al. 2002, Morgan 2008, Unmack 2001). The highly dissected nature of the landscape has served as an isolating mechanism between species, with the numerous large and deep waterholes acting as refugia, resulting in centres of speciation that have existed since the fluctuating climate of the late Cenozoic (Allen and Leggett 1990). Rivers that are important for endemism include the Drysdale River (six species), the Prince Regent (six species), the Roe and Moran Rivers (four species), Carson River (four species) and Isdell River (three species) (Morgan 2008, Allen et al. 2002). The Mitchell, King Edward (including the Morgan and Carson Rivers) and Drysdale River systems also provide habitat for a number of endemic freshwater turtles (McCord and Joseph–Ouni 2007). ANHAT analysis returned the second highest national Chelidae (side– necked tortoises) endemism score. The Drysdale, Prince Regent, Roe, Moran, Carson, Isdell, Mitchell and King Edward Rivers are of outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) as areas of evolutionary refugia demonstrated by nationally high values for freshwater fish and turtle endemism. Wealth of land and sea Movement of material (marine shell beads) by Aboriginal people The occurrence of marine shell beads in occupation deposits at two inland rock shelters, Carpenter's Gap 1 and Riwi, dated to 30,000 BP is exceptional, providing testimony for the antiquity of long distance movement of material by Aboriginal people, perhaps in some kind of system of exchange during the Pleistocene period (McConnell and O'Connor 1997; O'Connor 1999; Balme 2000; Balme and Morse 2006). In historical times, Aboriginal trading networks criss-crossed the continent moving valued commodities like pearl shell, ochre and stone tools over thousands of kilometres. These extensive economic and social systems of exchange are a characteristic feature of Aboriginal Australia. Carpenter's Gap 1 and Riwi rock shelters have outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) as they demonstrate the operation of Aboriginal social and economic networks 30,000 years ago over distances of 500 kilometres. Symbolic use of ochre Archaeological excavations at Carpenter's Gap 1 rock shelter recovered a slab of roof material to which ochre had been deliberately applied. The slab had fallen to the floor of the rock shelter some time before 39,700 years BP. The ochre appears to have been blown onto the surface, probably in a similar method used by Aboriginal people in Australia in ethnographic times (O'Connor and Fankhauser 2001). This is the oldest trace of ochre intentionally applied to a rock surface presently known in Australia, and is one of the earliest examples on a world scale. Carpenter's Gap 1 rock shelter has outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) as it provides evidence of the antiquity of the symbolic use of ochre on a rock surface, the earliest 'art' in Australia's cultural history. 3
Aboriginal trade in pearl shell Kimberley pearl shell (Pinctada maxima) has associations with water, rainmaking, ancestral Creator Beings, stories and songs. The significance of the modified pearl shell changes as it is traded from its source, where it was created by powerful Dreamtime Beings. Highly valued by Aboriginal people as the 'emblem of life' with potent correlations with water, and the power to regenerate, renew, and transform; modified Kimberley pearl is the most widely distributed commodity in Aboriginal Australia, covering two-thirds of the Australian continent. Pearl shell beds at a number of identified sites from Bidyadanga to Cape Londonderry, where in Aboriginal law and culture, the shell is believed to have been created by Dreamtime Beings and is collected by Traditional Owners, have outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) as the source of the item most widely distributed by Aboriginal people in the course of Australia's cultural history. Contact, change and continuity European explorers In the sixteenth century long, dangerous and difficult voyages across uncharted oceans began to shape ‘new worlds’ on the maps of European navigators. In the pursuit of knowledge and wealth beyond the borders of Europe, early expeditions by the Portugese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British began to reveal the outline of the Australian continent. The William Dampier (Cygnet) 1688 landing place William Dampier stayed in the west Kimberley coast area for more than one month, landing first at Pender Bay, then sailing and anchoring in Karrakatta Bay. Dampier and the Cygnet crew lived at Karrakatta Bay, camped and careened the ship on land, 'canoed' and fished in the nearby sea, met a group of Aboriginal people on an island, observed Aboriginal people elsewhere and swimming between islands. Dampier also notes in his account old wells, low even land, sandy banks against the sea, rocky points, the careening beach, the islands in the bay, the 'dragon' trees and the Aboriginal stone fish traps described as 'weirs of stone across little coves or branches of the sea'. A full description of his observations is included in his account of his voyages around the world (Dampier 1697). The environment Dampier observed is substantially unmodified since his 1688 landing and can be seen today. William Dampier's published accounts of his voyages around the world, which included his observations at Karrakatta Bay and nearby, were significant in stimulating European exploration interest in the Pacific and Australia which foreshadowed Cook's voyage to the Pacific and eventual establishment of a British colony in Australia in 1788. Dampier's observations at Karrakatta Bay and nearby were also influential in shaping late seventeenth and eighteenth century attitudes towards Australia and its Indigenous people. His observations made at Karrakatta Bay were also influential in the British Government's sponsorship of another voyage to Australia in 1699 during which Dampier collected some Australian plants, foreshadowing the birth of Australian botany. The Kimberley coast is recognised for its association with early European exploration of the continent. The William Dampier (Cygnet) (1688) landing place, around Pender Bay, Karrakatta Bay, King Sound, the 4
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WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT DESCRIP
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In contrast to ontological views of
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These painted images have attracted
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But Geikie Gorge is much more than
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Jirrbal (May to June): At this time
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GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Geologists expla
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(Playford et al. 2009). The feature
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In the absence of any major mountai
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A NATURAL AND CULTURAL REFUGE For t
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Punamii-unpuu is a very important p
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Researchers have found that a numbe
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frogs - a richer assemblage of frog
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The sheer number of islands along t
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Central Kimberley Stretching east f
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striata), above a layer of ribbon g
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visit the bay each year. The Roebuc
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traditional country is located abov
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of Important Wetlands of Australia
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Indonesian fisherman brought tamari
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inland from the coast today. Accord
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Sydney; the Mermaid was barely soun
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EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF THE KIMBERLE
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colonies to import indentured labou
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feared that the policy might lead p
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The Broome community reflected the
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and wealth to the west, the governm
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Hicks wrote: 'We found ourselves ne
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The drove began near Goulburn in 18
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pioneered by already-established Ki
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esponses to Aboriginal resistance.
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south-east around Lake Gregory (Par
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The church's exterior is in the int
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Bungarun Bungarun (the Derby Lepros
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eating snails and weeds. Their one
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From 1943 to 1944, Noonkanbah was u
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In 1965, award wages were granted t
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in May 1978, led directly to the fo
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part of absorbing these cultures' (
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Hann. The remains of the old Gibb R
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CRITERION (a) - The place has outst
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ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
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of note. More tetrapod species are
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The second highest endemism score i
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new genera (see more detail under v
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ainforests, including the golden ba
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considered to provide insights into
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number of endemic freshwater fish i
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southwest of the State (DEH 2001).
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A series of scattered freshwater we
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Kimberley has three plant families
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the southwest of Western Australia
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The earliest evidence for the appli
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Ethnographic evidence shows that bo
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analysis of the west Kimberley agai
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Station NT - a feat which became kn
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The industry developed into the cul
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work in the sugar industry, while n
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century, their interest was commerc
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Historic shipwrecks A total of 237
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The resistance campaign was unprece
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Woorunmurra are all recorded as tak
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Affairs Department was set up and i
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medical examination before being se
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2003; River Junction Research 2006)
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The Kimberley Land Council (2010) s
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struggle noted, the local maparn, a
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practices in relation to consultati
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military and population centres wer
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could have stood as tall as 5.4-5.6
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younger and smaller than the Lake G
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Evidence for uninterrupted occupati
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century hydrographers and in partic
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The Devonian reef outcrops of the L
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eef, utilised the massive tides to
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phased out' (Morwood 2002, 162). Bu
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people whose lives were so closely
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Karrakatta Bay Karrakatta Bay is a
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complete what Matthew Flinders had
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and the remains of a forge was cite
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as well. Taking a longer perspectiv
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coastal regions which may exhibit s
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The Devonian carbonate complexes of
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Antarctic feeding grounds and breed
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Additional to international visitor
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In summary, within the context of t
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people); Paakantyi, Darling River l
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knowledgeable about 'magic' (which
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(Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993). Othe
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* * * * '[I]t was the feeling of ex
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were removed from a preliminary lis
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King Leopold Ranges Conservation Pa
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flickering light and was joined by
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Aboriginal rock art paintings in th
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There is also a high degree of vari
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Ingenuity, resourcefulness and coop
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Built in a remote location from loc
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The manufacture of the double log r
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Shinju Matsuri Festival which conti
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In summary, evidence for the identi
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life and works of Phillip Parker Ki
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to catch up with him, Jandamarra wa
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his capture. His tracks were often
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using European weapons against the
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CRITERION (i) - The place has outst
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12). This is the same Wanjina, Nama
Page 211 and 212: References Abbott, I and A A Burbid
Page 213 and 214: Akerman, K and J Stanton (1994). Ri
Page 215 and 216: ongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%
Page 217 and 218: Berson, J (2004). Protecting dugong
Page 219 and 220: Braithwaite, R W, G R Friend and J
Page 221 and 222: Choo, C (2001). Mission girls: Abor
Page 223 and 224: Crawford, I M (2009). 'Macassan' vo
Page 225 and 226: DEWHA (2007). Mt William Stone Hatc
Page 227 and 228: Durack, M (1969). The rock and the
Page 229 and 230: Graham, G (2001a). Dampierland 2 (D
Page 231 and 232: Hocking, I, E Shepherd and J Meggit
Page 233 and 234: Johnstone R E and A H Burbidge (199
Page 235 and 236: Köhler, F (2010). Three new specie
Page 237 and 238: Long, J (2006). Swimming in Stone:
Page 239 and 240: McConnell, K and S O'Connor (1999).
Page 241 and 242: Morse, K (1993a). Coastwatch: Pleis
Page 243 and 244: North Australian Indigenous Land an
Page 245 and 246: Paterson A, G Nicholas Gill and M K
Page 247 and 248: Price, O F (2004). Indirect evidenc
Page 249 and 250: Rogers, D I and Pearson G B (2003).
Page 251 and 252: Sharples, C, R E Mount, T K Pederse
Page 253 and 254: Stannage, C T (ed.) (1981). Convict
Page 255 and 256: Trigger, D (1987). Inland, coast an
Page 257 and 258: Watson, P (1983). This precious fol
Page 259 and 260: Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corpor
Page 261: years of reef deposition and shows
Page 265 and 266: B The place has outstanding heritag
Page 267 and 268: C The place has outstanding heritag
Page 269 and 270: D The place has outstanding heritag
Page 271 and 272: E The place has outstanding heritag
Page 273 and 274: F The place has outstanding heritag
Page 275 and 276: H The place has outstanding heritag
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