WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT - Department of Sustainability ...

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The late timing of the settlement and the impenetrable nature of the Devonian Reef helped create the man and the legend of Jandamarra - a man brought up in two worlds, whose detailed knowledge of European methods to contain Aboriginal resistance and his capacity to pass those skills on to his Bunuba countrymen and women, severely threatened the colonising project. While Jandamarra did not act alone, his capacity to disappear and avoid capture, and even to appear to cheat death itself, made him a much feared adversary to Europeans and a powerful leader amongst his own people. The limestone ranges of the Devonian Reef, known to the Bunuba as Barlil, have outstanding value to the nation under criterion (h) for their association with Jandamarra, whose campaign of resistance was unprecedented in Australian history, as was the ferocity of the police and settler response. Jandamarra's death in 1897 ended the last large-scale organised violent resistance by Aboriginal people in Australia's cultural history. WEALTH OF LAND AND SEA Pastoralism Pastoral families in the Kimberley On the basis of the pastoralism literature potential values against criterion (h) have been identified in relation to prominent and well known pastoral families within the Kimberley. The Durack family is recognised for its role as a pioneering family associated with the development of the Kimberley region and the cattle industry. It is noted that the pastoral stations associated with the Durack family are located outside the west Kimberley. Sir Sidney Kidman was also noted as having some involvement within the pastoral development of the west Kimberley. However, his chain of stations in other states are considered to have more outstanding associations with his life and works. Other families such as the Emanuels, MacDonalds and the McKenzies have been noted in the review of histories associated with the Kimberley region. The theme study on pastoralism (Pearson and Lennon 2008) did not develop national indicators for assessing people or groups of importance under criterion (h). A peer review of the theme study also indicates that the pastoral entrepreneurs are not the only people to consider against criterion (h) (Forrest and Forrest 2009). On the basis of current evidence the west Kimberley does not have outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (h) for special associations with the life or works of pastoral families or individuals who are important in Australia's cultural history. 206
CRITERION (i) – The place has outstanding heritage value because of the place's importance as part of Indigenous tradition. WANJINA–WUNGGURR TRADITION The traditional homeland of the Wanjina–Wunggurr community in the north Kimberley includes members of the Worrorra, Ngarinyin, Unggumi, Umida, Unggarrangu, Wunambal and Gaambera language groups. Collectively, this community believes that they are themselves descendents of a single creator being called Wanjina (Blundell et al. 2009). Thousands of images of Wanjina occur in rock shelters across the region; a visual testimony of a complex association of socioreligious beliefs that continue to be central to the laws and customs of the Wanjina– Wunggurr community. In no other Indigenous society in northern or central Australia, indeed anywhere in Australia, does a single class of Creator Being, depicted as a distinct rock art motif, have such a significant and multifaceted role or set of associated meanings and practices (Blundell et al. 2009, 66). As an embodiment of the sacred Wunggurr life-force that permeates the cosmos, the Wanjina evoke the primordial but continuing era of creation called Lalai (the Dreaming). During Lalai, the Wanjina worked with the Wunggurr Snake and other animal helpers to make the country. The Wanjina gave their human descendents their laws and customs, and continue to instruct people in their dreams. As part of the ongoing reciprocity between the Wanjina spirit ancestors and their human descendents, senior law-men renew the Wanjina paintings in order to keep them 'fresh' (Blundell et al. 2009, 54). Wanjinas take the form of anthropomorphs, animals and plants and play a crucial role in the society's ongoing social, economic and cultural life. Paintings of the Wanjina play a fundamental role in specifying the geographical location of the homeland and in specifying the nature and basis of the citizenship of its members. Each member of the Wanjina–Wunggurr society 'belongs to' a local country within the overall Wanjina-Wunggurr homeland. These local countries which anthropologists call 'clan estates' (dambun in Nyaringyin, dambima in Worrorra and gra in Wunambal and Gaambera) were formed when certain Wanjina became localised in them as 'paintings'. Wanjinas guide social relationships and the order of exchange amongst the members of these local (clan) groups within a regional system of law known as the wurnan (wunnan, wunan) (Blundell and Layton 1978; Deakin 1978; Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993; Redmond 2001; Ngarjno et al. 2000; Blundell and Woolagoodja 2005; Doohan 2008; Blundell et al. 2009). * * * * 'Wunan is created from beginning to share everything in life. It's total care of life that Wunan' (Banggal, also known as David Mowaljarlai (dec) in Ngarjno et al. 2000). * * * * According to Wanjina-Wunggurr tradition, in Lalai, the moieties or skin groups were established by two nightjars known as Wadoy (Wodoi) and Junkun (Djingun). Clan estates are either Wadoy or Junkun. These skin laws created two channels in the 207
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WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT DESCRIP
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In contrast to ontological views of
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These painted images have attracted
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But Geikie Gorge is much more than
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Jirrbal (May to June): At this time
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GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Geologists expla
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(Playford et al. 2009). The feature
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In the absence of any major mountai
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A NATURAL AND CULTURAL REFUGE For t
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Punamii-unpuu is a very important p
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Researchers have found that a numbe
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frogs - a richer assemblage of frog
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The sheer number of islands along t
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Central Kimberley Stretching east f
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striata), above a layer of ribbon g
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visit the bay each year. The Roebuc
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traditional country is located abov
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of Important Wetlands of Australia
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Indonesian fisherman brought tamari
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inland from the coast today. Accord
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Sydney; the Mermaid was barely soun
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EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF THE KIMBERLE
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colonies to import indentured labou
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feared that the policy might lead p
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The Broome community reflected the
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and wealth to the west, the governm
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Hicks wrote: 'We found ourselves ne
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The drove began near Goulburn in 18
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pioneered by already-established Ki
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esponses to Aboriginal resistance.
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south-east around Lake Gregory (Par
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The church's exterior is in the int
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Bungarun Bungarun (the Derby Lepros
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eating snails and weeds. Their one
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From 1943 to 1944, Noonkanbah was u
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In 1965, award wages were granted t
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in May 1978, led directly to the fo
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part of absorbing these cultures' (
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Hann. The remains of the old Gibb R
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CRITERION (a) - The place has outst
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ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
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of note. More tetrapod species are
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The second highest endemism score i
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new genera (see more detail under v
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ainforests, including the golden ba
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considered to provide insights into
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number of endemic freshwater fish i
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southwest of the State (DEH 2001).
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A series of scattered freshwater we
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Kimberley has three plant families
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the southwest of Western Australia
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The earliest evidence for the appli
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Ethnographic evidence shows that bo
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analysis of the west Kimberley agai
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Station NT - a feat which became kn
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The industry developed into the cul
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work in the sugar industry, while n
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century, their interest was commerc
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Historic shipwrecks A total of 237
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The resistance campaign was unprece
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Woorunmurra are all recorded as tak
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Affairs Department was set up and i
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medical examination before being se
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2003; River Junction Research 2006)
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The Kimberley Land Council (2010) s
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struggle noted, the local maparn, a
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practices in relation to consultati
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military and population centres wer
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could have stood as tall as 5.4-5.6
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younger and smaller than the Lake G
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Evidence for uninterrupted occupati
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century hydrographers and in partic
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The Devonian reef outcrops of the L
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eef, utilised the massive tides to
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phased out' (Morwood 2002, 162). Bu
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people whose lives were so closely
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Karrakatta Bay Karrakatta Bay is a
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Page 163 and 164: The Devonian carbonate complexes of
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Page 169 and 170: In summary, within the context of t
Page 171 and 172: people); Paakantyi, Darling River l
Page 173 and 174: knowledgeable about 'magic' (which
Page 175 and 176: (Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993). Othe
Page 177 and 178: * * * * '[I]t was the feeling of ex
Page 179 and 180: were removed from a preliminary lis
Page 181 and 182: King Leopold Ranges Conservation Pa
Page 183 and 184: flickering light and was joined by
Page 185 and 186: Aboriginal rock art paintings in th
Page 187 and 188: There is also a high degree of vari
Page 189 and 190: Ingenuity, resourcefulness and coop
Page 191 and 192: Built in a remote location from loc
Page 193 and 194: The manufacture of the double log r
Page 195 and 196: Shinju Matsuri Festival which conti
Page 197 and 198: In summary, evidence for the identi
Page 199 and 200: life and works of Phillip Parker Ki
Page 201 and 202: to catch up with him, Jandamarra wa
Page 203 and 204: his capture. His tracks were often
Page 205: using European weapons against the
Page 209 and 210: 12). This is the same Wanjina, Nama
Page 211 and 212: References Abbott, I and A A Burbid
Page 213 and 214: Akerman, K and J Stanton (1994). Ri
Page 215 and 216: ongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%
Page 217 and 218: Berson, J (2004). Protecting dugong
Page 219 and 220: Braithwaite, R W, G R Friend and J
Page 221 and 222: Choo, C (2001). Mission girls: Abor
Page 223 and 224: Crawford, I M (2009). 'Macassan' vo
Page 225 and 226: DEWHA (2007). Mt William Stone Hatc
Page 227 and 228: Durack, M (1969). The rock and the
Page 229 and 230: Graham, G (2001a). Dampierland 2 (D
Page 231 and 232: Hocking, I, E Shepherd and J Meggit
Page 233 and 234: Johnstone R E and A H Burbidge (199
Page 235 and 236: Köhler, F (2010). Three new specie
Page 237 and 238: Long, J (2006). Swimming in Stone:
Page 239 and 240: McConnell, K and S O'Connor (1999).
Page 241 and 242: Morse, K (1993a). Coastwatch: Pleis
Page 243 and 244: North Australian Indigenous Land an
Page 245 and 246: Paterson A, G Nicholas Gill and M K
Page 247 and 248: Price, O F (2004). Indirect evidenc
Page 249 and 250: Rogers, D I and Pearson G B (2003).
Page 251 and 252: Sharples, C, R E Mount, T K Pederse
Page 253 and 254: Stannage, C T (ed.) (1981). Convict
Page 255 and 256: Trigger, D (1987). Inland, coast an
Page 257 and 258:
Watson, P (1983). This precious fol
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Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corpor
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years of reef deposition and shows
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Aboriginal trade in pearl shell Kim
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B The place has outstanding heritag
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C The place has outstanding heritag
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D The place has outstanding heritag
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E The place has outstanding heritag
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F The place has outstanding heritag
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H The place has outstanding heritag
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