WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT - Department of Sustainability ...

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West Kimberley National Heritage Assessment – Values Table CRITERION VALUE RATING A The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's importance in the course, or pattern of Australia's natural and cultural history. Assembling a continent King Leopold orogen The rocks of the King Leopold orogen represent the remnants of three major orogenies (mountain building processes) that took place in the Kimberley from c. 1870–560 million years ago (Ma). The King Leopold orogen provides strong evidence of Palaeoproterozoic plate tectonic activity (from about 2500–1600 Ma), at a period preceding formation of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia, which came together around 1000– 850 million years ago. Rodinia was a giant landmass containing most or all of Earth's continental crust at the time, centred south of the Equator. The land that became Australia was probably in the north-east of the landmass. The King Leopold orogen also preserves rocks from the Yampi and King Leopold orogenies that occurred later in the Proterozoic, which record events that helped build the modern Kimberley topography (Maher and Copp 2009b). The events of these three Proterozoic orogenies are preserved in the spectacularly folded Proterozoic quartzites and sandstones of the Yampi Peninsula and the granite domes, gneiss hills and schist ridges of the King Leopold Range and the Fitzroy uplands province. There is little consensus among geologists on plate tectonic activity in the early Earth: rocks from the period from 2,700 Ma to about 700 Ma, such as those of the King Leopold orogen, are very important in understanding the timing and nature of modern plate tectonics (Witze 2006; Stanley 1999). The King Leopold orogen is a significant geological record of past orogenic processes which led to the Proterozoic assembly of Rodinia, representing key tectonic events in the evolution of the Australian continent and a major stage of Earth's history. This record is displayed in significant fault and fold structures in rocks exposed along the coast of Yampi Peninsula, in the King Leopold Range and the Fitzroy Uplands. These geological features highlight the powerful tectonic forces and the physical geological structures formed during orogenic processes (Maher and Copp 2010). The King Leopold orogen of the west Kimberley has outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) for recording pre-Rodinian and Proterozoic plate tectonic processes, key events in the evolution of the Australian continent. Ecology, biogeography and evolution Devonian reef The Devonian reef sequence preserved in the Oscar, Napier, Emmanuel and Pillara ranges is a continuous record from the Frasnian to the Famennian stage of the Late Devonian period (around 380 – 360 million years ago), covering two significant marine mass extinction events. Famennian reefs are rare throughout the world and none is present elsewhere in Australia. In addition, valleys cut through the reef at Windjana and Geikie Gorges by the Lennard and Fitzroy rivers provide sections through the deposit that give palaeontologists and geologists a unique window on this sequence. The Devonian Reef of the Kimberley has outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) because it is a continuous record of 20 million Above threshold 1
years of reef deposition and shows the response of a Late Devonian reef to a mass extinction event. Gogo fossil sites The Gogo fish fossil sites of the late Devonian period are one of the world's most important early vertebrate fossil localities. The deposits contain specimens of fish ancestral to tetrapods (vertebrate animals with four legs or leg-like appendages), fossils that clarify the anatomical transitions that took place at the base of this radiation. The Gogo fossil sites have outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) for important transitional fossils that document the evolution of early tetrapodomorph fish. The biological significance of the west Kimberley Biodiversity analysis using the Australian Government's Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT), supported by the Australian Heritage Council’s expert opinion, has shown the northern Kimberley coast and islands, the Kimberley Plateau and the west Kimberley Devonian reefs are nationally significant for species richness and endemism for many plant, mammal, reptile, frog and invertebrate groups. Island populations of critical weight range species such as the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), the golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), the scaly-tailed possum (Wyulda squamicaudata) and the golden–backed tree–rat (Mesembriomys macrurus) are of particular importance due to their decline on the mainland caused by an array of human–induced threatening processes. The northern Kimberley coast and islands, the Kimberley Plateau and the west Kimberley Devonian reefs have outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) for plant, mammal, reptile, frog and invertebrate species richness and endemism; and as refugia protecting against humaninduced environmental changes. Many of the small immobile invertebrate species endemic to the Kimberley have only been recorded in its rainforest patches (vine thickets), including 90 per cent of the earthworms and 48 per cent of the land snails (Kenneally and McKenzie 1991). Survey and taxonomic work by Solem (1979, 1981, 1984, 1985) and more recent research (Graham 2001b; Köhler 2010) have helped highlight the national importance of the Kimberley Plateau and surrounding islands for land snail richness and endemism. ANHAT analyses have supported the findings of these researchers, showing the Kimberley Plateau is exceptionally high in richness and endemism for Camaenidae (air breathing land snails). This consistent spread of now locally restricted species may reflect long-term evolution through isolation (Köhler 2009; Köhler and Gibson in prep.). The west Kimberley was found to have the second highest richness in the country for the family Pupillidae (minute, air– breathing land snails). Vine thickets of the northern Kimberley coast and islands and the Kimberley Plateau, and the Devonian reefs of the west Kimberley, are of outstanding heritage value to the nation under criterion (a) for their evolutionary refugial role that has resulted in high invertebrate richness and endemism. The river systems of the north Kimberley serve as refuges to freshwater fish species, with a consequently high endemism found in several families. With 2
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WEST KIMBERLEY PLACE REPORT DESCRIP
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In contrast to ontological views of
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These painted images have attracted
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But Geikie Gorge is much more than
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Jirrbal (May to June): At this time
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GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Geologists expla
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(Playford et al. 2009). The feature
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In the absence of any major mountai
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A NATURAL AND CULTURAL REFUGE For t
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Punamii-unpuu is a very important p
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Researchers have found that a numbe
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frogs - a richer assemblage of frog
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The sheer number of islands along t
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Central Kimberley Stretching east f
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striata), above a layer of ribbon g
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visit the bay each year. The Roebuc
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traditional country is located abov
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of Important Wetlands of Australia
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Indonesian fisherman brought tamari
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inland from the coast today. Accord
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Sydney; the Mermaid was barely soun
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EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF THE KIMBERLE
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colonies to import indentured labou
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feared that the policy might lead p
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The Broome community reflected the
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and wealth to the west, the governm
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Hicks wrote: 'We found ourselves ne
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The drove began near Goulburn in 18
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pioneered by already-established Ki
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esponses to Aboriginal resistance.
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south-east around Lake Gregory (Par
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The church's exterior is in the int
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Bungarun Bungarun (the Derby Lepros
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eating snails and weeds. Their one
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From 1943 to 1944, Noonkanbah was u
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In 1965, award wages were granted t
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in May 1978, led directly to the fo
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part of absorbing these cultures' (
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Hann. The remains of the old Gibb R
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CRITERION (a) - The place has outst
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ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
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of note. More tetrapod species are
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The second highest endemism score i
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new genera (see more detail under v
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ainforests, including the golden ba
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considered to provide insights into
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number of endemic freshwater fish i
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southwest of the State (DEH 2001).
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A series of scattered freshwater we
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Kimberley has three plant families
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the southwest of Western Australia
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The earliest evidence for the appli
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Ethnographic evidence shows that bo
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analysis of the west Kimberley agai
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Station NT - a feat which became kn
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The industry developed into the cul
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work in the sugar industry, while n
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century, their interest was commerc
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Historic shipwrecks A total of 237
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The resistance campaign was unprece
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Woorunmurra are all recorded as tak
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Affairs Department was set up and i
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medical examination before being se
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2003; River Junction Research 2006)
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The Kimberley Land Council (2010) s
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struggle noted, the local maparn, a
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practices in relation to consultati
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military and population centres wer
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could have stood as tall as 5.4-5.6
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younger and smaller than the Lake G
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Evidence for uninterrupted occupati
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century hydrographers and in partic
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The Devonian reef outcrops of the L
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eef, utilised the massive tides to
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phased out' (Morwood 2002, 162). Bu
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people whose lives were so closely
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Karrakatta Bay Karrakatta Bay is a
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complete what Matthew Flinders had
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and the remains of a forge was cite
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as well. Taking a longer perspectiv
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coastal regions which may exhibit s
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The Devonian carbonate complexes of
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Antarctic feeding grounds and breed
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Additional to international visitor
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In summary, within the context of t
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people); Paakantyi, Darling River l
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knowledgeable about 'magic' (which
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(Mowaljarlai and Malnic 1993). Othe
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* * * * '[I]t was the feeling of ex
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were removed from a preliminary lis
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King Leopold Ranges Conservation Pa
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flickering light and was joined by
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Aboriginal rock art paintings in th
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There is also a high degree of vari
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Ingenuity, resourcefulness and coop
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Built in a remote location from loc
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The manufacture of the double log r
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Shinju Matsuri Festival which conti
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In summary, evidence for the identi
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life and works of Phillip Parker Ki
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to catch up with him, Jandamarra wa
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his capture. His tracks were often
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using European weapons against the
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CRITERION (i) - The place has outst
Page 209 and 210: 12). This is the same Wanjina, Nama
Page 211 and 212: References Abbott, I and A A Burbid
Page 213 and 214: Akerman, K and J Stanton (1994). Ri
Page 215 and 216: ongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%
Page 217 and 218: Berson, J (2004). Protecting dugong
Page 219 and 220: Braithwaite, R W, G R Friend and J
Page 221 and 222: Choo, C (2001). Mission girls: Abor
Page 223 and 224: Crawford, I M (2009). 'Macassan' vo
Page 225 and 226: DEWHA (2007). Mt William Stone Hatc
Page 227 and 228: Durack, M (1969). The rock and the
Page 229 and 230: Graham, G (2001a). Dampierland 2 (D
Page 231 and 232: Hocking, I, E Shepherd and J Meggit
Page 233 and 234: Johnstone R E and A H Burbidge (199
Page 235 and 236: Köhler, F (2010). Three new specie
Page 237 and 238: Long, J (2006). Swimming in Stone:
Page 239 and 240: McConnell, K and S O'Connor (1999).
Page 241 and 242: Morse, K (1993a). Coastwatch: Pleis
Page 243 and 244: North Australian Indigenous Land an
Page 245 and 246: Paterson A, G Nicholas Gill and M K
Page 247 and 248: Price, O F (2004). Indirect evidenc
Page 249 and 250: Rogers, D I and Pearson G B (2003).
Page 251 and 252: Sharples, C, R E Mount, T K Pederse
Page 253 and 254: Stannage, C T (ed.) (1981). Convict
Page 255 and 256: Trigger, D (1987). Inland, coast an
Page 257 and 258: Watson, P (1983). This precious fol
Page 259: Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corpor
Page 263 and 264: Aboriginal trade in pearl shell Kim
Page 265 and 266: B The place has outstanding heritag
Page 267 and 268: C The place has outstanding heritag
Page 269 and 270: D The place has outstanding heritag
Page 271 and 272: E The place has outstanding heritag
Page 273 and 274: F The place has outstanding heritag
Page 275 and 276: H The place has outstanding heritag
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