atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 2.2024

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16 Feature: Energy Policy, Economy and Law 4 Conclusions The transition towards net-zero emissions requires the almost complete abandonment of unabated fossil fuels and their substitution by low-carbon technologies: VRE, nuclear, fossil fuels technologies with CCS and, if potential still exist, hydroelectric power. Hydrogen is poised to play a more significant role in a future decarbonized system as an energy vector to reduce the carbon footprint of hard to abate sectors and to provide the required flexibility for operating a power system based on low-carbon technologies. The study shows that achieving a decarbonized system at the lowest economic cost requires the combination of all low-carbon energy sources available, VRE, nuclear and, if technologically mature, fossil fuels with CCS. Solar PV, wind and nuclear constitute the backbone of all energy systems that achieve significant decarbonization. However, the composition of the low-carbon mix changes with the carbon emission, with nuclear progressively substituting VRE at more stringent carbon constraints. The availability of hydroelectric resources also allows for larger shares of VRE in the optimal mix, by providing the flexibility required. The optimal technology for hydrogen production depends strongly on the level of carbon emissions allowed: unabated steam methane reforming becomes uncompetitive at moderate carbon constraints. At 50 g CO2/kW the hydrogen production is ensured by a combination of steam methane reforming and electrolysis, with the latter technology becoming dominant with tighter carbon limits. The coupling between hydrogen and the power sector untaps a vast potential for flexibility and contribute to reduce some of the challenges of integrating VRE in a decarbonized power system, as well as reducing the cost of the energy transition. References [NEA-2019] OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, “The Costs of decarbonisation: system costs with high shares of nuclear and renewables”, NEA Report n°7299, Paris 2019. [IEA-2022] International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2022”, IEA, Paris 2022 [OECD-2020] International Energy Agency and OECD Nuclear Energy Agency “Projected Costs of Generating Electricity – 2020 Edition”, OECD, Paris 2020. Authors Stefan Ballok Student (at IAEA: Intern) TU Wien (IAEA at the time of the research for the paper) stefan.ballok@gmail.com Stefan Ballok studies physics at the TU Wien where he specializes in nuclear energy and simulations. He is a board member of the Young Generation of the ÖKTG (Austrian Nuclear Society). During his internship at the IAEA from May 2022 until February 2023, he worked on energy models and co-wrote this paper which won the Best Paper by a Young Scientist at IEWT 2023. He hosted multiple workshops with the interactive energy modeling game PowerInvest (developed at the IAEA), e.g. at the ENYGF 2023. Stefan Ballok holds a Bachelor of Science in physics from the TU Wien. Aliki van Heek Sustainable Energy Business Research (at IAEA: Unit Head 3E Analysis) Nuclear-21 (IAEA at the time of the research for the paper) vanheek@nuclear-21.net Aliki van Heek is an associate in the international nuclear consultancy partnership Nuclear-21, in charge of Nuclear-21’s activities regarding the technoeconomic performance of nuclear energy in sustainable energy systems including the options for small modular reactors with energy products of electricity, heat and hydrogen in both nuclear expanding and newcomer countries. For seven years until May 2023, she was Unit Head 3E Analysis (3E= Energy, Economics and Environment) within the Planning and Economics Studies Section at the International Atomic Energy Agency. Before this, she worked for 23 years at ECN and NRG in the Netherlands in several roles, including Programme Manager 4th Generation Nuclear Energy Systems and Team Manager Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste Management. Aliki holds an MSc in Applied Physics from The Netherlands and a PhD in Nuclear Engineering from Germany. Eileen Langegger Principal Engineer/Lecturer DMT GmbH & Co. KG/TU Wien eileen.langegger@tuwien.ac.at Dr. Eileen Langegger is a Senior Nuclear Engineer at DMT GmbH & Co KG. Previously had she managed the interim storage facility for radioactive waste in Seibersdorf for ten years. Since 2017 she also is lecturer at the universities of TU Vienna and TU Graz in the field of nuclear energy. Furthermore she is chairwoman of the Austrian Nuclear Society. She studied technical physics at TU Graz, obtained her doctorate at the Atomic Institute of the TU Vienna and completed the MBA Strategic Management & Technology at the TU Vienna Academy for Continuing Education. Marco Cometto Energy Analyst IAEA M.Cometto@iaea.org Marco Cometto is an energy economist at the International Atomic Energy Agency where he works on the economics of nuclear power. The main areas of his work are the integration of nuclear and renewable energy in low-carbon energy systems and the analysis of costs and financing options for nuclear projects. Prior joining the IAEA, Marco worked for eight years at the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, as an investment advisor for an Italian bank and as a research engineer at EDF and at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). Marco graduated with a degree in Nuclear Engineering from the Politecnico of Torino, holds a PhD in physics from the EPFL in Lausanne and has earned the CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) designation in 2015. Ausgabe 2 › März
Energy Policy, Economy and Law 17 Aktuelle Entwicklungen europäischer Kernkraftprogramme Europa auf dem Weg zu einem maß geblichen Akteur bei Neubau und Entwicklung in der Kernenergie › Nicolas Wendler Mit einer Absichtserklärung von 25 Staaten zur Verdreifachung der weltweiten Kernkraftkapazität ist erstmals im Rahmen einer Conference of the Parties (COP) der Klimarahmenkonvention die Kernkraft prominent als Technologie im Sinne der Klimapolitik in Erscheinung getreten. Diesem gut sichtbaren Schritt war eine immer dynamischere Neubewertung der Kernkraft in vielen Staaten, insbesondere auch in Europa vorangegangen. Vermutlich hat die europäische Entwicklung einschließlich der Entscheidung zum Einschluss der Kernenergie in die Taxonomieverordnung klimafreundlicher Technologien im Rahmen der Finanzmarktregulierung trotz der US-Initiative sogar den Unterschied zwischen früheren Klimakonferenzen und der COP28 in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten begründet. Zwar verfolgen seit mehreren Jahren auch die Vereinigten Staaten eine Politik der Wiederbelebung der Kernkraft insbesondere im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung und die Nicht-Unterzeichner der COP28-Erklärung, Russland und China, verfolgen bereits seit geraumer Zeit eine offensive Neubau- und Exportpolitik. Den sichtbaren Stimmungsumschwung zugunsten der Kernenergie führte aber die Neupositionierung vieler euro päischer Staaten in der Energiepolitik im Zusammenhang mit der Klimapolitik und der Energiesicherheit sowie strategischen Energieunabhängigkeit auch im Kontext der gegenwärtigen geopolitischen Verwerfungen herbei. Im Folgenden soll wegen dieser markanten Entwicklung ein aktueller Stand der europäischen Kernkraftprogramme dargestellt werden. Frankreich – Rückbesinnung und Zukunftsorientierung In Frankreich ist bereits seit mehreren Jahren eine sukzessive Überwindung der Einschränkungen und Hindernisse des kernkraftkritischen Intermezzos der Mitte des vergangenen Jahrzehnts im Gang. Bereits 2019 wurde wieder die Absicht erklärt, neue Kern kraftwerke zu errichten und der Kernenergie einen langfristigen Platz im französischen Strommix zu garan tieren. Es wurde damals auch das 2015 beschlossene Ziel einer Verringerung des Anteils der Kernenergie bis 2025 auf 50 Prozent der Stromerzeugung auf 2035 verschoben. Im Februar 2022 folgte dann die Ankündigung, Neubauten eines modifizierten Land in Bau konkret geplant geplant Programm Frankreich 1 6 (8) 13 GW 7+(8) (23 GW) +SMR UK 2 2 offen/SMR 24 GW Schweden 0 2 8/SMR offen Niederlande 0 2 offen offen Polen 0 5 3 6-9 GW +SMR Tschechien 0 4 SMR offen Ungarn 0 2 0 offen Rumänien 0 2 2/SMR 4/SMR Bulgarien 0 2 offen offen Slowenien 0 1 1 offen Estland 0 0 SMR SMR Ukraine 2 2 7 11 (13 GW) +SMR Summe 5 30 29 (ohne UK, ohne SMR) Tab. 1. Aktuell (konkret) geplante/in Bau befindliche Kernreaktoren in Europa Vol. 69 (2024)
Page 1: ISSN: 1431-5254 (Print) | eISSN: 29
Page 4 and 5: 4 Contents Inhalt Editorial Abschie
Page 6 and 7: 6 Calendar Kalender 2024 07.03.2024
Page 8 and 9: 8 Feature: Energy Policy, Economy
Page 18 and 19: 18 Energy Policy, Economy and Law
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66 Environment and Safety Referenc
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76 Spotlight on Nuclear Law auf Ko
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78 KTG-Fachinfo KTG-Fachinfo 02/202
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80 KTG-Fachinfo Regierungsbericht v
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82 Vor 66 Jahren Ausgabe 2 › Mä
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88 Kerntechnik 2024 Technical Sess
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92 Kerntechnik 2024 Partner, Ausst
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94 KTG Inside Die KTG gratuliert a
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96 KTG Inside † Nachruf Die Kern
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98 KTG Inside † Nachruf Die Kern
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102 Report ⁃ Seitens der Internat
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atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 2.2024

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