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210 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS VI The example used in this paper describes a rather simple transaction. The purpose of the example was to illustrate how the meta model can be used. However, the steps illustrated in this example can be used to analyse very complex transactions. The future research on this topic can continue in two main directions. The first one is to empirically test the usefulness of the meta model in real life situations. The second one is to explore the concept of interoperability between organizations, capturing other aspects, apart form pragmatics. REFERENCES Agerfalk, P. J. (1999). Pragmatization of Information Systems: A Theoretical and Methodological Outline, Licentiate Thesis. Linkoping University. Agerfalk, P. J. (2002). Messages are Signs of Action- From Langefors to Speech Acts and Beyond. In Proceedings of LAP'02, 80-100 Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do Things with Words, Oxford University Press. Covington, M. A. (1997). On Designing a Language for Electronic Commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 1(4): pp. 31-48. Goh, C. H., S. Bressan, et al. (1999). Contex Interchange: New Features and Formalisms for the Intelligent Integration of Information. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 17(3): pp.270-292. Goldkuhl, G. (1995). Information as Action and Communication. The Infological Equation: Essay in the Honour of B. Langefors: 63-79. Goldkuhl, G. (2003). Conversational Analysis as a Theoretical Foundation for Language Action Perspective.In proceedings of LAP 2003, 51-69 Goldkuhl, G. and P. J. Agerfalk (2002). Actability: A Way to Understand Information Systems Pragmatics. In Liu K. Clarke, R., Andersen, P., Stamper, R. (eds.) Coordination and Communication Using Signes. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.85-115 Goldkuhl, G. and K. Lyytinen (1982). A Language Action View on Information Systems. In proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Systems, Ann Arbor, MI. Habermas, J. (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action 1. Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Cambridge, Polity Press. Halpin, T. (1996). Business Rules and Object Role Modeling. Database Programming and Design (October 1996). Heiler, S. (1995). Semantic interoperability. ACM Computing Servey 27(2).271-273 HL7 "http://www.hl7.org/." Huang, K. (1998). Organizational Aspects of EDI: a Norm-oriented Approach (PhD thesis). Langefors, B. (1973). Theoretical analysis of Information Systems, Studentlitteratur. Rukanova, B. D., Slooten, C. v, Stegwee, R.A. (2003)a. Beyond the Standard Development and the Standard Adoption. In proceedings of 8th EURAS Workshop on Standardization, Germany., Mainz Publishers. 120-138 Rukanova, B. D., Slooten, C. v, Stegwee, R.A. (2003)b. Towards a Meta Model for Distributed Business Transactions. In proceedings of CAiSE '03 Forum Information Systems for a Connected Society.141-144 Rukanova, B. D., Slooten, C. v, Stegwee, R.A. (2003)c. Capturing the Context of a Business Transaction. In proceedings of 3rd International Interdisciplinary Conference on Electronic Commerce"ECOM-03", Gdansk, Poland. 135-141 Schoop, M. (2003). A Language-Action Approach to Electronic Negotiations. In proceedings of LAP 2003, 143-160 Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London, Cambridge University Press. Stamper, R. (1996). Organisational Semiotics. F. S. J. M. (eds.). Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline. London and New York, McGraw-Hill. Stegwee, R.A., Rukanova, B.D. (2003). Identification of Different Types of Standards for Domain-Specific Interoperability. In: Proceedings of MIS Quarterly Pre-Conference Workshop ICIS 2003. pp. 161- 170, Retrieved January, 2004 from http://www.si.umich.edu/misq-stds/proceedings/ Vermeer, B. (2000). How Important is Data Quality for Evaluating the Impact of EDI on Global Supply Chain. Proceedings of the 33 Hawaii International Conference on System Science. Wegner, P. (1996). "Interoperability." ACM Computing Servey 28(1): 285-287. Winograd, T. and F. Flores (1986). Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Norwood, Ablex.
INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS USING ADAPTIVE REGRESSION SPLINES Srinivas Mukkamala, Andrew H. Sung Department of Computer Science, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, U.S.A. srinivas@cs.nmt.edu, sung@cs.nmt.edu Ajith Abraham Bio Inspired Grid (BIG) Lab, Department of Computer Science, Oklahama State University, Tulsa, U.S.A. ajith.abraham@ieee.org Vitorino Ramos CVRM-IST, Instituto Superior Técnico,Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal vitorino.ramos@alfa.ist.utl.pt Keywords: Network security, intrusion detection, adaptive regression splines, neural networks, support vector machines Abstract: Past few years have witnessed a growing recognition of intelligent techniques for the construction of efficient and reliable intrusion detection systems. Due to increasing incidents of cyber attacks, building effective intrusion detection systems (IDS) are essential for protecting information systems security, and yet it remains an elusive goal and a great challenge. In this paper, we report a performance analysis between Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), neural networks and support vector machines. The MARS procedure builds flexible regression models by fitting separate splines to distinct intervals of the predictor variables. A brief comparison of different neural network learning algorithms is also given. espacoespaco 1 INTRODUCTION Intrusion detection is a problem of great significance to protecting information systems security, especially in view of the worldwide increasing incidents of cyber attacks. Since the ability of an IDS to classify a large variety of intrusions in real time with accurate results is important, we will consider performance measures in three critical aspects: training and testing times; scalability; and classification accuracy. Since most of the intrusions can be located by examining patterns of user activities and audit records (Denning, 1987), many IDSs have been built by utilizing the recognized attack and misuse patterns. IDSs are classified, based on their functionality, as misuse detectors and anomaly detectors. Misuse detection systems use well-known attack patterns as the basis for detection (Denning, 1987; Kumar, 1994). Anomaly detection systems I. Seruca et al. (eds.), Enterprise Information Systems VI, © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 211 211–218. use user profiles as the basis for detection; any deviation from the normal user behaviour is considered an intrusion (Denning, 1987; Kumar, 1994; Ghosh, 1999; Cannady, 1998). One of the main problems with IDSs is the overhead, which can become unacceptably high. To analyse system logs, the operating system must keep information regarding all the actions performed, which invariably results in huge amounts of data, requiring disk space and CPU resource. Next, the logs must be processed to convert into a manageable format and then compared with the set of recognized misuse and attack patterns to identify possible security violations. Further, the stored patterns need be continually updated, which would normally involve human expertise. An intelligent, adaptable and cost-effective tool that is capable of (mostly) real-time intrusion detection is the goal of the researchers in IDSs. Various artificial intelligence techniques have been utilized to
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 - DATAB
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS A WIRELESS A
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CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Honorary Presi
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Hung, P. (AUSTRALIA) Jahankhani, H.
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Invited Papers
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2 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS VI
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10 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS V
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EVOLUTIONARY PROJECT MANAGEMENT: MU
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MANAGING COMPLEXITY OF ENTERPRISE I
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ASSESSING EFFORT PREDICTION MODELS
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ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CR
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ASAP Processes W Project Kickoff A
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since it means changing the relevan
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ACME-DB: AN ADAPTIVE CACHING MECHAN
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ACME-DB: AN ADAPTIVE CACHING MECHAN
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Hit Rate (%) ACME-DB: AN ADAPTIVE C
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5.3.6 Effect on all Policies by Int
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to t
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This paper describes the data sampl
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The major limit A of the operation
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RELATIONAL SAMPLING FOR DATA QUALIT
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TOWARDS DESIGN RATIONALES OF SOFTWA
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((Brown et al., 1998), pp. 159-190,
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sive data filtering, presentation (
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• implementation changes in servi
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR LARGE SCALE D
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Data Rate [bytes/sec] 1600000 14000
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E.g., DV Camcorder Camera Packets (
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Procedure CheckOptimal (n rs 1 ...n
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR LARGE SCALE D
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PART 2 Artificial Intelligence and
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110 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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DYNAMIC MULTI-AGENT BASED VARIETY F
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Page 169 and 170: AN EXPERIENCE IN MANAGEMENT OF IMPR
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CABA 2 L A BLISS PREDICTIVE COMPOSI
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Figure 4: Symbols emission in DAR-H
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they evidence a generalization erro
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A METHODOLOGY FOR INTERFACE DESIGN
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and mobility loss coupled with redu
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Tradeoff: The default input is poss
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Sessions on the VABS which are held
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A CONTACT RECOMMENDER SYSTEM FOR A
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A CONTACT RECOMMENDER SYSTEM FOR A
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- "Going to the sources". The user
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Here are the matrix W and P for our
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EMOTION SYNTHESIS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRO
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theme turns out to be surprisingly
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6 FROM FEATURES TO SYMBOLS 6.1 Face
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sions are described by different em
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Electronic Imaging 2000 Conference
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to the accessibility problem for th
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Figure 3: Hierarchical View of the
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4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK On th
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PERSONALISED RESOURCE DISCOVERY SEA
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profile, the user defines his curre
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Abdelkafi, N. .....................
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