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these parameters, as well as some ‘extreme’ values that were less probable but worth investigating nonetheless. Each scenario was characterised by the values of all independent variables; the number of possible scenarios thus depended on the number of their feasible combinations. The models were subjected to testing through simulation sessions, in workshops involving stakeholders in groups ranging from 5 to as many as 40. In all workshops the models were presented to project stakeholders together with the corresponding scenarios and simulated runs. These features enabled stakeholders to reach a consensus about the underlying processes and the implications that each choice would have on overall system behaviour. The first type of result, i.e. results concerning specific components of the system, helped to answer operational questions concerning the rational allocation of resources and the resulting service provision capabilities of the system. The second type of result proved useful for understanding the overall behaviour of a venue, thus answering higher-level, management questions concerning customer presence and distribution, arrival and departure patterns etc. 3 CONCLUSIONS In early requirements, when there is a great deal of vagueness and uncertainty about system goals that are often set against a background of social, organizational and political turbulence, the need for a systematic and systemic way of dealing with all ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS IN DEFINING EARLY REQUIREMENTS 41 Figure 3: Simulation results for the ‘Merchandising’ service co-development aspects seems to be of paramount importance. The work presented in this paper is motivated by the premise that informal and textual descriptions need to give way to conceptual modelling languages with clear semantics and intuitive syntax so that an application can be defined at an appropriate level of abstraction. This greatly enhance visualisation of processes that in turn contribute to a more informed discussion and agreement between stakeholders. Whilst qualitative-based conceptual modelling approaches seem to be an improvement on purely linguistic-based approaches, they fail to bridge the communication gap between client stakeholders and analysts. The issue of analyst-client relationship has been highlighted by many authors (Kennedy, 1994; Bashein et al., 1997). This type of modelling paradigm that has evolved from work on Databases, Software Engineering or Object-oriented Design, with its analyst orientation paradigms does little to enhance communication. The S 3 approach argues that that qualitative models need to be enhanced with quantitative capabilities. These capabilities provide opportunities for the generation and evaluation of alternative scenarios with respect to stakeholder choices on their requirements. This way of working supports the way experts work on ill-structured problem settings such as planning and design (Carroll, 2002).
42 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to his many colleagues, analysts and stakeholders, at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games Organising Committee. In particular to Nikos Prekas for managing the team of analysts and liaising with stakeholders in the most effective manner and to Dimitris Beis and Gregory Vgontzas for having the insight to adopt new innovative approaches towards the design of venue operations. The author would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Kostas Zografos of the Athens University of Economics and Business for the work on the design framework. REFERENCES D. F. Andersen, G. P. Richardson, and J. A. M. Vennix (1997) Group Model Building: Adding More Science to the Craft, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 187-201. B. Bashein and M. I. Markus (1997) A Credibility Equation for IT Specialists, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 35-44. J. M. Carroll (2002) Scenarios and Design Cognition, in proceedings of IEEE Joint International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE'02), E. Dubois and K. Pohl (ed) Essen, Germany, pp. 3-5, 2002. P. B. Checkland (1999) Soft Systems Methodology : a 30year Retrospective, New ed. ed. Chichester: Wiley, 1999. J. W. Forrester (1999) Principles of Systems. Waltham, MA: Pegasus Communications Inc., 1999. A. Fowler (1996) Simulations's Evolving Role In Management, in proceedings of 1996 International System Dynamics Conference, G. P. Richardson and J. D. Sterman (ed) Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 162-165, 1996. A. Fuxman, L. Liu, M. Pistore, M. Roveri, and J. Mylopoulos (2003) Specifying and Analysing Early Requirements: Some Experimental Results, in proceedings of 11th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering, (ed) Monterey Bay, California, USA, pp. 105-116, 2003. A. Fuxman, J. Mylopoulos, M. Pistore, and P. Traverso (2001) Model Checking Early Requirements Specifications in Tropos, in proceedings of 5th IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, (ed) Toronto, Canada, pp. 174-181, 2001. R. D. Galliers (1993) Towards a Flexible Information Architecture: Integrating Business Strategies, Information Systems Strategies and Business Process Redesign, Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 199-213. P. Kardasis, N. Prekas, and P. Loucopoulos (2000) A Framework of Patterns for the Banking Sector, in proceedings of DEXA 2000 DomE - International Workshop on Enterprise and Domain Engineering, in conjunction with the DEXA 2000 Conference, (ed) Greenwich, UK, pp. 818-822, 2000. P. Kardasis and P. Loucopoulos (2004) Expressing and Organising Business Rules towards the Development of an Electronic Procurement System: An Empirical Study, Information & Software Technology, Vol. 46, No. 11, pp. 701-718. V. Kavakli and P. Loucopoulos (1999) Goal-Driven Business Process Analysis - Application in Electricity Deregulation, Information Systems, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 187-207. S. Kennedy (1994) Why Users Hate your Attitude, Informatics, Vol. February, No. 1994, pp. 29-32. F. Leymann and W. Altenhuber (1994) Managing Business Processes as an Information Resource, IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 326-348. P. Loucopoulos, K. Zografos, and N. Prekas (2003) Requirements Elicitation for the Design of Venue Operations for the Athens2004 Olympic Games, in proceedings of 11th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, (ed) Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A., pp. 223-232, 2003. P. Loucopoulos (2003) The S3 (Strategy-Service-Support) Framework for Business Process Modelling, in proceedings of Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Business Process Support (REBPS'03), J. Eder, R. Mittermeir, and B. Pernici (ed) Klagenfurt/Velden, Austria, pp. 378-382, 2003. M. Ould (1995) Business Processes: Modelling and Analysis for Re-engineering and Improvement. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. B. M. Richmond (1993) Systems Thinking: Critical Thinking Skills for the 1990s and beyond, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 113-133. J. D. Sterman (2000) Business Dynamics : Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2000. J. A. M. Vennix (1999) Group Model-Building: Tackling Messy Problems, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 379-401. G. Walsham (1994) Virtual Organization: An Alternative View, Information Society, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 289- 292. E. F. Wolstenholme (1995) Decision Analysis Using Dynamic Simulation, in proceedings of System Dynamics '95, T. Shimada and K. Saeed (ed) Tokyo, pp. 937-945, 1995.
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Page 9 and 10: CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Honorary Presi
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sive data filtering, presentation (
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• implementation changes in servi
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR LARGE SCALE D
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Data Rate [bytes/sec] 1600000 14000
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E.g., DV Camcorder Camera Packets (
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Procedure CheckOptimal (n rs 1 ...n
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR LARGE SCALE D
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PART 2 Artificial Intelligence and
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110 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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DYNAMIC MULTI-AGENT BASED VARIETY F
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AN EXPERIENCE IN MANAGEMENT OF IMPR
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ANALYSIS AND RE-ENGINEERING OF WEB
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Module p0 Customer Itinerary Send I
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departments: the marketing dept. se
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• An acyclic module M is usable,
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BALANCING STAKEHOLDER’S PREFERENC
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The scenarios will provide an abstr
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BALANCING STAKEHOLDER'S PREFERENCES
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BALANCING STAKEHOLDER'S PREFERENCES
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A POLYMORPHIC CONTEXT FRAME TO SUPP
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A POLYMORPHIC CONTE XT FRAME TO SUP
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FEATURE MATCHING IN MODEL-BASED SOF
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combination of solution domains - a
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• features for all the concepts:
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Existence In both steps it is possi
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matching strategies are maximal, mi
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TOWARDS A META MODEL FOR DESCRIBING
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elementary message (ae-message) can
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problems on a pragmatic level, whic
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TOWARDS A META MODEL FOR DESCRIBING
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INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS USING A
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INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS USING A
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(k� 1) (k) (k�1) (k) p � w
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Table 5: Performance Comparison of
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A USER-CENTERED METHODOLOGY TO GENE
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carries out the second phase of the
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1 1 1 1 2 PROCESS STORE ENTITY EDGE
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constraints rules. KOGGE (Ebert et
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CABA 2 L A BLISS PREDICTIVE COMPOSI
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they evidence a generalization erro
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A METHODOLOGY FOR INTERFACE DESIGN
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and mobility loss coupled with redu
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Tradeoff: The default input is poss
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Sessions on the VABS which are held
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A CONTACT RECOMMENDER SYSTEM FOR A
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A CONTACT RECOMMENDER SYSTEM FOR A
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- "Going to the sources". The user
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Here are the matrix W and P for our
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EMOTION SYNTHESIS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRO
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theme turns out to be surprisingly
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6 FROM FEATURES TO SYMBOLS 6.1 Face
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sions are described by different em
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Electronic Imaging 2000 Conference
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to the accessibility problem for th
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Figure 3: Hierarchical View of the
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4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK On th
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PERSONALISED RESOURCE DISCOVERY SEA
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profile, the user defines his curre
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Abdelkafi, N. .....................
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