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age and appropriate steps must be taken to con‐ tain the spillage from polluting soils or under‐ ground water sources. The seriousness of the regulation can be demonstrated by a spill incident at a site own by the Brookhaven National Labora‐ tory (BNL) in New York. A ruptured hydraulic hose has resulted in the removal of 50 cubic yards of contaminated soil and disposed as toxic material. This incident has led BNL to adopt the usage of environmentally safer hydraulic fluid based from canola oil [2]. In order to make a hydraulic fluid to be safer for the environment the hydraulic fluid must be read‐ ily biodegradable or in other word the fluid must be able to be completely converted to carbon dioxide and water quickly and naturally by diges‐ tion or consumption process by naturally occur‐ ring organism in water, oil and soil systems [2]. Any spillage can then be cleaned up normally without the added cost of hazardous material handlings. To obtain the biodegradable features, previous researches has lead to the application of synthetic base fluid such as synthetic esters and polyglycols (organophosphate and polyalphaolefin). These synthetics base fluids were developed mainly for high temperature and/or fire risk operations and are able to biodegrade easily compared to petro‐ leum based fluids [3]. The synthetics based fluids perform better compared to petroleum based fluids in term of viscosity at low and high tem‐ peratures, volatility, pour point, wear protections and oxidations [3]. However, synthetic esters are expensive to produce and even for their superior lubrication performance, the high costs limit its usage. Polyglycols are less costly but can be quite toxic to living organisms especially when mixed with lubricating additives [3,4]. MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 Thus, a cheaper non toxic alternative to be used is vegetable oil as the base oil for hydraulic fluids. Among vegetable oils which has been researched and developed as hydraulic fluids are the canola oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and palm oil. Properties of Hydraulic Fluid Primary purpose of hydraulic fluids is to maintain lubrication and fluid characteristics while in use within the system so as to maintain appropriate pressure to operate hydraulic actuators (cylinders and motors) assemblies in machineries on demand. An ideal hydraulic fluid will have the following char‐ acteristics [3, 5,6]: Viscosity 1. Constants viscosity at all temperature range 2. High anti‐wear characteristics 3. Thermal stability 4. Hydrolytic stability 5. Low chemical corrosiveness 6. Low cavitation tendencies 7. Long life 8. Fire resistance 9. Readily biodegradable 10. Low toxicity 11. Low cost For hydraulic fluids, the temperature effect on viscosity is very important. A good fluid can main‐ tain a minimum required viscosity at high operat‐ ing temperature yet does not become too viscous at lower temperature. Too much viscosity may result in difficulty for the fluid to transmit hydrau‐ lic power at low temperature especially at system start. Anti Wear The ability of the fluid to coat moving metal parts with a thin protective oil film. The oil film will re‐ | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 63
duce wear due to metal‐to‐metal contact thus prolonging the life of the equipments. Most hy‐ draulic fluids have anti‐wear additive added to it to obtain anti wear properties. Most common anti wear additive for petroleum based fluid is the zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP) which is a highly toxic substance. As it is soluble in water, its introduction to marine environment can be hazardous. Corrosion A good hydraulic fluid has good hydrolytic stabil‐ ity i.e. able to prevent any water which may enter the fluid from causing rust to metal. Usually, a rust inhibitor is added to the fluid to obtain good rust protection. Oxidation The presence of water and oxygen (air) in the fluid may cause fluids to oxidize and further in‐ crease the chance of rust formation. Oxidize fluid will also cause chemical corrosions due to in‐ crease in acidity. Flammability A high flash point (the maximum temperature before ignition) is necessary for hydraulic fluid as most fluid works at high temperatures. Petro‐ leum based fluid have a relatively high flash point of around 150 o C. For extreme environ‐ ments, a fire resistant fluid is required to prevent accidental ignitions. Effect of Mineral Based Fluid on Marine Environ‐ ment Hydraulic fluids can enter the environment from spills and leaks in machines and from leaky storage tanks. When these fluids spilled on soil, some of the ingredients in the hydraulic fluids mixture may stay on the top, while others may sink into the groundwater. In water, some in‐ gredients of hydraulic fluids will transfer to the MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 bottom and stay there. Marine organism that live near spillage area may ingest some hydrau‐ lic fluid ingredients. Some organism may die from the poisoning and some will have traces of the hydraulic fluid in their system causing defor‐ mations or poisoning the upper food chains. Eventually, the hydraulic fluids will degrade in the environment, but complete degradation may take more than a year and continue to af‐ fect living organism during the degradation process [7]. Prolong contact with human can increase cancer risk especially on skin [8]. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL 73/78) forbid the discharge of oily waste to the sea which cover all petroleum products in any forms [9]. Vegetable‐based Fluid In order to be accepted as a fluid of choice for hydraulic application, vegetable based fluid must have similar characteristics as the commonly used petroleum based hydraulic fluid. As men‐ tioned earlier, the purpose of the hydraulic fluids is to maintain appropriate pressure to operate actuators and at the same time lubricate and protect moving mechanical parts from wear and corrosion. To maintain the pressure, the fluids are constantly pumped thus creating a built up of heat, subjecting the fluid to temperature variations and also constant mechanical stresses [4]. Vegetable oil provides better anti‐wear perform‐ ance and generally exhibit lower friction coeffi‐ cient and are easily biodegradable. These prop‐ erties are due to the composition of the oils which contain unsaturated hydrocarbons and naturally occurring esters. The problems are that there are prone to oxidize rapidly, changes in viscosity at the lower and upper temperature range and low water resistance. Vegetable es‐ ters oils based on polyunsaturated fatty acid | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 64
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EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dato
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DIRECTIONAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S
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The determinant from equations (3)
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Table 1 ‐ Results of Stability Cr
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DO 20 J=1,7 REFF(J)=1+((J‐1)*1.5/
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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Page 16 and 17: A WATER FUELLED ENGINE FOR FUTURE M
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Page 20 and 21: Current development Hydrogen Oceanj
Page 22 and 23: Car industry A small group of local
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Page 28 and 29: Table 1: Global maritime Fleet Rank
Page 30 and 31: No. of Ships No. of Ships 300 250 2
Page 32 and 33: time players is 30. The demand for
Page 34 and 35: References [1] UNCTAD, Review Marit
Page 36 and 37: Table 3 : Tug boat Registered in Ma
Page 38 and 39: NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
Page 42 and 43: MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
Page 54 and 55: Table 8 : Tankers Registered in Mal
Page 58 and 59: Table 10: Passenger Ship Registered
Page 62 and 63: Table 11: Container Ships Registere
Page 66 and 67: tends to oxidize rapidly, even at a
Page 68 and 69: oxide or other anti‐oxidant addit
Page 72 and 73: METHODOLOGY Description of Apparatu
Page 74 and 75: Preparation and procedure for Mecha
Page 76 and 77: Objective of the Research The resea
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Page 80 and 81: Mean Median Table 3.1: Carrier Aspe
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Page 86 and 87: adversely affecting ship operations
Page 88 and 89: distributed system and other equipm
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Page 102 and 103: Table 2. Measurements for Integrity
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Page 108 and 109: used to model the pneumatic transmi
Page 110 and 111: Figure 2: Transmission Line Diamete
Page 112 and 113: PDE equations (1) and (2). Comparis
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MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
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Since chemical products have high p
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Figure 6: Enclosed life boat with s
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UNIKL MIMET AND ALAM SHIP MANAGEMEN
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MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
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