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oxide or other anti‐oxidant additives [8]. The melting point indicates at which temperature the oil will start to solidify thus making it useless as hydraulic fluid base oil. A high melting point will require the oil to be treated with more addi‐ tives to reduce its melting point to practical val‐ ues. Table 1 showed that the palm kernel oil and palm oil have relatively low iodine values com‐ pared to other vegetable oils. This indicates that palm kernel oil and palm oil have better anti‐ oxidant properties compared to rapeseed oil and soybean oil hence require less anti‐oxidant addi‐ tive. The downside is that the melting points are relatively high at 24 o C for the kernel oil and 35 o C for the palm oil. More additives are required to bring down the melting points of palm oils to be comparable with rapeseed oil and soybean oil. Researchers from Universiti Malaysia Tereng‐ ganu have experimented crude palm oil mixed with Irgalube 343 additive for a hydraulic test rig using the mixed fluid to actuate hydraulics linear and rotary cylinders. It is reported that after more than 100 hours of continuous testing, the fluid mixture demonstrate an increased of vis‐ cosity. Obviously, further experiments with other types of additives are necessary to obtain palm oil mixture which is capable to sustain its viscosity after hours of usage [13]. Another palm oil based hydraulic fluid research was done by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) under the Ministry of Plantation Indus‐ tries and Commodities. The result was a success‐ ful production of a hydraulic fluid with viscosity grade ISO 46 with good viscosity index and mod‐ erately low pour point. The properties of the palm based hydraulic fluid developed by MPOB compared with typical petroleum based fluid are given in table 2 [14] . MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 Table 2: Properties of the MPOB Palm Based Hydraulic Fluid, Hy‐Gard Petroleum Based Fluid and AMSOIL Synthetics [14] Based from the researches of MPOB, palm oil based hydraulic fluid is reported feasible espe‐ cially for use in temperate climate i.e. in tropical countries. Comparing palm oil based hydraulic fluid with petroleum based hydraulic fluid and AMSOIL synthetic esters hydraulic fluid for com‐ mon hydraulic applications, palm based fluid have similar properties except for its low pour point. Conclusion The feasibility of using vegetable oil based hy‐ draulic fluids has already been proven with the development and commercial availability of rapeseed oil and soybean oil based hydraulic fluids in Europe and the United State. Comparing the properties of raw, unprocessed palm oil with other major vegetable oil indicates the possibil‐ ity of utilizing palm oil as base oil for hydraulics fluid for temperate climate due to the high melt‐ ing point and pour point of palm oil compared with other vegetable oils (rapeseed, canola, soy‐ beans etc). Several researches has been done by Malaysian researchers on the palm based hy‐ draulic fluid and its suitable additive. | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 67
The technology to produce hydraulic fluid from palm oil is already available. What is needed is the capability to manufacture the fluid in size‐ able quantities at an acceptable cost to pro‐ mote usage especially in the maritime field. Fur‐ ther step to be taken is the will of the Malaysian government to regulate the usage of environ‐ mentally unsafe hydraulic fluids in Malaysian waters. Legislation has played a major role in Europe in promoting vegetable oil based fluid in high risk area. Germany for example mandated the use of environmentally friendly fluid in its waterways by prohibiting the use of petroleum based fluid on its inland waters. The legislation resulted in Germany having 45% market share of vegetable based fluids and lubricants in Europe mainly produced from rapeseed oil [10]. If similar legislation can be applied in Malaysia, more interest can be expected in producing palm based hydraulic fluids for use in Malaysian waters. References: 1. Skinner, Samuel K; Reilly, William K. (May 1989) (PDF). The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. National Response Team. (online) http://www.akrrt.org/Archives/Response_Reports/ ExxonValdez_NRT_1989.pdf (Accessed March 9, 2008). 2. Brookhaven National Laboratory. “Biobased Hydraulic Fluid Use at Brookhaven National Laboratory.” (online) http://www.bnl.gov/esd/pollutionpreve/docs/P2% 20Award%20Nominations/Biobased%20Hydraulics.pdf (Accessed March 9, 2008) 3. Honary, Lou A. T. “Soybean Based Hydraulic Fluid.” United States Patent Number 5,972,855. 26 Oct 1999 4. Isbell, A. T. “Agricultural Research Series: Biodegradable Plant‐Based Hydraulic Fluid.” USDA News and Event. Nov 1998. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/nov98/oil1198.htm United State Department of Agriculture (1998) 5. Johnson, Glenn. Ed. “Environmentally Safe Hydraulic Oils Part 1 & 2. Articles posted on Feb 20, 2008. http:// www.processonline.com.au/articles/749‐Environmentally‐safe‐ hydraulic‐oils‐Part‐1 6. Rose, B and Rivera P. “Replacement of Petroleum Based Hydraulic Fluids with a Soybean Based Alternative.” United MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 State Department of Energy. http://www.er.doe.gov/epic/docs/ soypaper.htm 7. Klein et al. “Triglyceride‐Based Base Oil for Hydraulic Oils.” United States Patent Number 5,618,779. 8 April 1997 8. Rudnick, R.L. “Synthetics, Mineral Oil, and Bio‐Based Lubri‐ cants: Chemistry and Technology.” CRC Press. 2005 9. IMO (1997). “MARPOL 73/78, Consolidated Edition 1997.” London. International Maritime Organization. 10. Nelson, J. “Harvesting Lubricants.” The Carbohydrate Econ‐ omy. Vol 3, Issue No. 1. Fall 2000 11. Calais, P. and Clark, A.R. “Waste Vegetable Oil as Diesel Replacement Fuel.” (2004) Murdoch University and Western Australia Renweable Fuels Association, Western Australia 12. Tenenbaum, J.D. “Underwater Logging: Submarines Redis‐ covers Lost Woods.” Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol‐ ume 112, Number 15. November 2004. 13. Wan Nik, W.B, Ani F.N., and Masjuki, H.H. “Rheology of Environmental Friendly Hydraulic Fluid: Effect of Aging Period, Temperature and Shear.” Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering & Technology 2006 24‐25 th July 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia. 14. Yeong, S.K; Ooi, TL and Salmiah A. “Palm‐Based Hydraulic Fluid.” MPOB TT No. 281. MPOB Information Series, June 2005 | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 68
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EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dato
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DIRECTIONAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S
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The determinant from equations (3)
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Table 1 ‐ Results of Stability Cr
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DO 20 J=1,7 REFF(J)=1+((J‐1)*1.5/
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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A WATER FUELLED ENGINE FOR FUTURE M
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Page 20 and 21: Current development Hydrogen Oceanj
Page 22 and 23: Car industry A small group of local
Page 24 and 25: Big oil companies. For business sur
Page 26 and 27: Websites: 1. http://www.schatzlab.o
Page 28 and 29: Table 1: Global maritime Fleet Rank
Page 30 and 31: No. of Ships No. of Ships 300 250 2
Page 32 and 33: time players is 30. The demand for
Page 34 and 35: References [1] UNCTAD, Review Marit
Page 36 and 37: Table 3 : Tug boat Registered in Ma
Page 38 and 39: NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
Page 42 and 43: MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
Page 54 and 55: Table 8 : Tankers Registered in Mal
Page 58 and 59: Table 10: Passenger Ship Registered
Page 62 and 63: Table 11: Container Ships Registere
Page 64 and 65: age and appropriate steps must be t
Page 66 and 67: tends to oxidize rapidly, even at a
Page 72 and 73: METHODOLOGY Description of Apparatu
Page 74 and 75: Preparation and procedure for Mecha
Page 76 and 77: Objective of the Research The resea
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2.1: LNG Trade Volume 1998,
Page 80 and 81: Mean Median Table 3.1: Carrier Aspe
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Page 86 and 87: adversely affecting ship operations
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Page 90 and 91: Knowledge based system is a compute
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Page 94 and 95: particle swarm optimization (PSO)[1
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Page 102 and 103: Table 2. Measurements for Integrity
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Page 106 and 107: have become a major issue without m
Page 108 and 109: used to model the pneumatic transmi
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Page 112 and 113: PDE equations (1) and (2). Comparis
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Figure 6: Enclosed life boat with s
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UNIKL MIMET AND ALAM SHIP MANAGEMEN
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MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
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