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tends to oxidize rapidly, even at a moderately increased operating temperature. As the tem‐ perature increases, the oils thicken due to its tendency to enter into viscosity‐increasing reac‐ tions in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Similar reaction occurs when the temperature drops as the oil will begin to solidify. Rapeseed oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil have a solidifica‐ tion point of ‐16 o C, ‐20 o C and ‐17 o C respectively [4, 7, 10]. Palm oil is even worst, solidifying at a relatively high temperature of 34.1 o C [11]. Even as the temperatures drop and approaching the solidification temperatures, the oils will experi‐ enced a marked increase in viscosity and may cause problem in cold weather [8]. These prob‐ lems however can be easily fixed by mixing the vegetable oil with synthetic esters and/or by adding additives to improve its anti oxidant and pour point properties [7]. While the cost of syn‐ thetic ester is very high, by mixing it with vegeta‐ ble oil base will bring the total cost of the base oil down compared to a fully synthetic solution. New antioxidants that are suitable for vegetable oil yet harmless to the environment are also needed as current antioxidants are designed for mineral oils and some are quite toxic. Oxidative stability is dependant on the predomi‐ nant fatty acids present in the vegetable oil. Oils containing mostly saturated fatty acids will have good oxidative stability compared to a vegetable oil containing oleic acid or other monounsatu‐ rated fatty acids. Oils that contain mostly poly‐ unsaturated fatty acids exhibit poor oxidative stability [8]. In other words, the oxidative stabil‐ ity is inversely proportional to the degree of un‐ saturation. The three most cultivated vegetable oils, the palm oil, soybean oil, and the rapeseed oil consist mainly of monounsaturated and poly‐ unsaturated fatty acids. These lead to a general consensus of vegetable oils poor oxidative stabil‐ ity compared with petroleum based oil and also MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 the fully saturated synthetics such as synthetic esters, organophosphate and polyalphaolefin (PAOs) [8]. So as to provide for comparable per‐ formance, vegetable oils formulations generally require higher doses of antioxidants [6]. Due to the oxidative instability of these major vegetable oils, vegetable oils with high saturated acids is to be used due to the high solidification points. On the positive side, vegetable oils offer excel‐ lent lubricity and have a high intrinsic viscosity and extreme‐pressure properties. Well‐ formulated vegetable oil‐based hydraulic fluids can pass the demanding Vickers 35VQ25 or Deni‐ son T5D‐42 vane pump wear tests. Vegetable oil can perform satisfactorily for years under mild climate and operating conditions, provided the oil are kept free of water contamination [10]. Klein et al suggested that vegetable oil used as hydraulic fluid base oil can exhibit better low‐ temperature stability without the need for the addition of pour point depressant or synthetic esters by adding ethylene oxide and/or propyl‐ ene oxide into the base oil. Among the base oil tested for this process are the coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, cotton oil, soy‐ bean oil, sunflower oil and rapeseed oil. The resultant mixture produced ethoxylated and/or propoxylated base oil has been proven to have better pour point characteristic. This develop‐ ment can result in inexpensive base oil for hy‐ draulic fluid as fewer additives are needed to make the fluid suitable for hydraulics applica‐ tions [7]. Aside from chemical processes to increase the sta‐ bility of the vegetable oils, there is an alternative method where genetic modifications is employ on oil producing crops. Recent advances in genetic | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 65
engineering and hybrid breeding technology have made it possible to alter the physical prop‐ erties of vegetable oils by changing their fatty acid profiles. This has allowed an improvement of the oxidation stability by increasing the oleic content of the oil. The resulting high oleic base stock oils with additional antioxidants have been shown to be as good as or better than petroleum oils in oxidation stability trials [10]. Examples of the usage of vegetable oil based hydraulic fluids are the Sawfish logging robot deployed by the Triton Logging, a Canadian company, in Lois Lake, British Columbia. The underwater robot harvested submerged trees using a hydraulic grappling pincer and electric chain saw. The hydraulic grappler is powered with vegetable oil instead of petroleum based or synthetic based hydraulic fluids. The com‐ pany aim is to harvest the dead but well pre‐ served submerged forest thus eliminating the need to cut down living trees onshore and at the same time did not pollute the aquatic envi‐ ronment of the lake [12]. Feasibility of Palm‐Oil Based Fluid Many research and developments of hydraulic fluids made from vegetable oils has been done in Europe and the United States focusing on rape‐ seed, soybean and canola oils by various inde‐ pendence and government sponsored laborato‐ ries such as the New York’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, Albuquerque’s Sandia National Labo‐ ratory and the University of Iowa as early as 1991 [2,6]. These researches and the subsequent commercial products show that rapeseed and soybeans oils are suitable for hydraulic fluids base oils and with its additives, able to perform almost equally with petroleum based and syn‐ thetic fluids. However, these oils are sources and processes in Europe or the United States and to utilize these environmentally friendly oils in the South East Asia region will be costly in term of MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 imports and transportation. Further with the region own petroleum reserves especially in Ma‐ laysia, it is more economic to continue using pe‐ troleum based hydraulic fluids rather than im‐ porting the bio fluids from overseas. As one of the world top vegetable oil, palm oil can be a possible choice for further development as a base oil for hydraulic fluids especially since palm oil can be found in abundance in Malaysia. Palm oil contains over 40% oleic acid and around 35% palmitic acid. Almost 60% of fatty acids of the oil are unsaturated while stearic, palmitic and myristic are saturated [13]. The suitability of palm oil as hydraulic fluid base oil is compared with other vegetable oil through the melting point and iodine values as shown in table 1 be‐ low. Table 1: Common vegetable oil melting points and iodine values [11] The iodine value is a measure of unsaturation of vegetable oil. The saturated property of the oil imparts a strong resistance to oxidative rancid‐ ity. Thus the thermal and oxidative of the oil can be improved if the oil has lower iodine value. A high iodine value indicates that the oil needs to be mix with ethylene oxide and/or propylene | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 66
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EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dato
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DIRECTIONAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S
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The determinant from equations (3)
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Table 1 ‐ Results of Stability Cr
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DO 20 J=1,7 REFF(J)=1+((J‐1)*1.5/
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
Page 16 and 17: A WATER FUELLED ENGINE FOR FUTURE M
Page 18 and 19: Stainless steel pipes are used as e
Page 20 and 21: Current development Hydrogen Oceanj
Page 22 and 23: Car industry A small group of local
Page 24 and 25: Big oil companies. For business sur
Page 26 and 27: Websites: 1. http://www.schatzlab.o
Page 28 and 29: Table 1: Global maritime Fleet Rank
Page 30 and 31: No. of Ships No. of Ships 300 250 2
Page 32 and 33: time players is 30. The demand for
Page 34 and 35: References [1] UNCTAD, Review Marit
Page 36 and 37: Table 3 : Tug boat Registered in Ma
Page 38 and 39: NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
Page 42 and 43: MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
Page 54 and 55: Table 8 : Tankers Registered in Mal
Page 58 and 59: Table 10: Passenger Ship Registered
Page 62 and 63: Table 11: Container Ships Registere
Page 64 and 65: age and appropriate steps must be t
Page 68 and 69: oxide or other anti‐oxidant addit
Page 72 and 73: METHODOLOGY Description of Apparatu
Page 74 and 75: Preparation and procedure for Mecha
Page 76 and 77: Objective of the Research The resea
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2.1: LNG Trade Volume 1998,
Page 80 and 81: Mean Median Table 3.1: Carrier Aspe
Page 82 and 83: From the result in Table 3.1, it sh
Page 86 and 87: adversely affecting ship operations
Page 88 and 89: distributed system and other equipm
Page 90 and 91: Knowledge based system is a compute
Page 92 and 93: Again Butler and Sarma [28] put for
Page 94 and 95: particle swarm optimization (PSO)[1
Page 96 and 97: MI [27] Butler, K. L, Sarma, N.D.R.
Page 98 and 99: Positive transformation from its tr
Page 100 and 101: mutually exclusive, but rather comp
Page 102 and 103: Table 2. Measurements for Integrity
Page 104 and 105: Table 5. Measurements for Excellenc
Page 106 and 107: have become a major issue without m
Page 108 and 109: used to model the pneumatic transmi
Page 110 and 111: Figure 2: Transmission Line Diamete
Page 112 and 113: PDE equations (1) and (2). Comparis
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Since chemical products have high p
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Figure 6: Enclosed life boat with s
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UNIKL MIMET AND ALAM SHIP MANAGEMEN
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MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (
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