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Again Butler and Sarma [28] put forward an opti‐ mization method that can be applied to the re‐ configuration of SPS. The objective for reconfigu‐ ration is to maximize the load restored in the SPS. A commercial software package is used for solving the optimization problem in the recon‐ figuration process. Butler and Sarma [29] im‐ prove the reconfiguration methodology pro‐ posed in [28]. The reconfiguration methodology is similar to the reconfiguration methodology proposed in [28]. However, in this work, more constraints, such as voltage constraints for buses in the SPS, are applied to the reconfiguration compared to the work in [28]. In [27] and [28], the reconfiguration methodology is imple‐ mented by using a commercial optimization soft‐ ware, which cannot provide a real time perform‐ ance. Srivastava and Butler [32] proposed an auto‐ matic rule based expert system for the recon‐ figuration process of an SPS. The objective of the reconfiguration process is to supply the de‐ energized loads after battle damage or cascading faults. In the event of battle damage or cascad‐ ing faults, a failure assessment (FAST) system detects faults, identifies faulted components in damaged sections, and determines de‐energized loads. The reconfiguration method uses the out‐ put of a FAST system, real time data, topology information and electrical parameters of various components to perform reconfiguration for load restoration of an SPS. Again Srivastava and Butler [33] proposed a probability based pre‐hit reconfiguration method. In this research, the reconfiguration actions are determined on the estimation of the damage that a weapon hit may cause before the weapon hit happens. The objective of the recon‐ figuration in this work is to restore the service in SPS and reduce the damage caused by weapon hit. This probabilistic reconfiguration methodol‐ MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 ogy has two major modules: weapon damage assessment (WDA) module and pre‐hit recon‐ figuration module. The main goal of the WDA is to compute the expected probability of damage (EPOD) value for each electrical component in an SPS. The pre‐hit reconfiguration module takes the EPOD calculated by WDA as the input, and determines the reconfiguration actions to re‐ duce the damage to the SPS that may be caused by the weapon hit. Again the same author, Butler and Sarma [34] pro‐ posed automated self‐healing strategy for recon‐ figuration for service restoration in Naval SPS. A model of the 3‐D layout of the electrical network of shipboard power system using a geographical infor‐ mation system was explained. A self‐healing system is a system that when subjected to a contingency (or threat) is able to access the impact of the contin‐ gency, contain it and then automatically perform corrective action to restore the system to the best possible (normal) state to perform its basic func‐ tionality. In recent years, Multi Agent System (MAS) tech‐ nologies have been applied to the reconfigura‐ tion process in SPS. Srivastava et al [30] pro‐ posed MAS based reconfiguration methodology for automatic service restoration in the SPS. In this work, the overall function of the MAS is to detect and locate the fault(s), determine faulted equipments, determine de‐energized loads, and perform an automated service restoration on the SPS to restore de‐energized loads. The MAS also gives an output list of restorable loads and switching actions required to restore each load. The restoration methodology proposed in this research work is not completely decentralized. Feliachi et al [35] proposed a new scheme for an energy management system in the form of the distributed control agents for the reconfigura‐ tion of the SPS. The control agents’ task is to en‐ sure supply of the various load demands while | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 91
taking into account of system constraints and load priorities. A graph theoretic self‐stabilizing maximum flow algorithm for the implementation of the agents’ strategies has been developed to find a global solution using load information and a minimum amount of communication. Although a simulation platform is developed to implement parts of the reconfiguration system, the simula‐ tion platform proposed in [35] is not a real time solution and cannot provide bandwidth require‐ ment and latency performance of the system. Solanki et al [34] proposed an MAS reconfigura‐ tion methodology for SPS. In this work the re‐ configuration process can isolate the fault and restore the power supply quickly and autono‐ mously. Also, this reconfiguration methodology can be applied only to radial SPS. Solanki and Schulz [36] demonstrated the MAS for the re‐ configuration of the SPS and the implementa‐ tion of the MAS. In the simulation of the recon‐ figuration process in [36] and [34], the MAS and SPS are implemented on the same PC. The com‐ munication bandwidth of the MAS cannot be researched by using this simulation platform. Sun et al [37] put forward a complete reconfigu‐ ration methodology for the reconfiguration of the SPS. The objective of the reconfiguration is to restore the loads in the SPS. The research is no central controller in the MAS. Each agent works independently and autonomously. The reconfiguration methodology proposed in this research, cannot be applied to SPSs with ring and mesh structure. E.J. William [48] proposed an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm (ANN) to determine fault locations on shipboard Electrical Distribution System (EDS). It traces the location of the fault on SPS. The EDS is protected when faults are lo‐ cated and isolated as quickly as possible. The goal is to increase the availability of shipboard EDS by locating and isolating faults by using MIMET Technical Bulletin Volume 1 (2) 2010 Power system CAD (PSCAD) and ANN analysis. However the only problem with this is that the fault path accuracy is unpredictable and require sensitive current measurement device. Kai Huang and Srivastava [42] proposed a novel Algorithm for agent Based Reconfiguration of Ring‐structured Shipboard Power System. The goal of this research is to avoid the redundant information accumulation (RIA) problem in a multi‐agent system during the reconfiguration process of SPS. The RIA problem is like a posi‐ tive feedbacks loop and makes the information flow in the system unstable. Thus, the authors use the spanning tree protocol to detect and break the ring structure in an agent system. Discussion The literature review has revealed some impor‐ tant points which most of the reconfiguration methodologies for terrestrial power system and SPS are centralized solutions. Also, the simula‐ tion scenarios in these researches are not in real time and cannot provide the bandwidth require‐ ment latency performance of the system. From the analysis, the number of the researcher for terrestrial power system is greater than ship‐ board power system (SPS). There are only a few numbers of researchers who explore in the area of shipboard power system. Most of the cases are studied by the same researchers like Sarma, Buttler and Sarasvarti. The number of researches which focus on reconfiguration on fault location for shipboard power system is very few as com‐ pared to the terrestrial power system. From the literature, several approaches and methods have been proposed in the reconfigura‐ tion process for SPS. They vary in term of func‐ tions and applications. Many classical techniques have been employed for the solution of the re‐ configuration problem such as genetic algo‐ rithms (GA)[44,45], simulated annealing [12], | MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL 92
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EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dato
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DIRECTIONAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S
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The determinant from equations (3)
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Table 1 ‐ Results of Stability Cr
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DO 20 J=1,7 REFF(J)=1+((J‐1)*1.5/
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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Skeg Effectiveness Skeg Effectivene
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A WATER FUELLED ENGINE FOR FUTURE M
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Stainless steel pipes are used as e
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Current development Hydrogen Oceanj
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Car industry A small group of local
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Big oil companies. For business sur
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Websites: 1. http://www.schatzlab.o
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Table 1: Global maritime Fleet Rank
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No. of Ships No. of Ships 300 250 2
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time players is 30. The demand for
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References [1] UNCTAD, Review Marit
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Table 3 : Tug boat Registered in Ma
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NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
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NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
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Page 44 and 45: NO SHIP NAME OWNER/OPERATOR GRT DWT
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Page 58 and 59: Table 10: Passenger Ship Registered
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Page 76 and 77: Objective of the Research The resea
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