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Références bibliographiques Appenzeller,C. et al., Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (D10), 15071-15078, 1996. Arlander, D.W. et al., The tropospheric distribution of formaldehyde during TROPOZ II, J. Atmos. Chem., 251-269, 1995. Arnold, F. et al., Acetone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: impact of traces gases and aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3017-3020, 1997. Atticks, M.G. and G.D. Robinson, Some features of the structure of the tropical tropopause. Quart.J.R.Met.Soc., 109, 295-308, 1983. Baldwin, M. et al.,The Quasi-Biennal Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 39(2), 179-229, 2001. Bernath, P. F. et al., Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005. Brauers, T. et al., Investigation of the formaldehyde differential absorption cross section at high and low spectral resolution in the simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3579-3586, 2007. Cairo, F. et al., Morphology of the tropopause layer and lower stratosphere above a tropical cyclone: A case study on cyclone Davina (1999), Atmos. Chem. Phys, 18319-18360, 2007. Chance, K. et al., Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North Americ from GOME., Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 21, 3461-3464, 2000. Chapman, S., A theory of upper-atmospheric ozone, Mem, R.Met.Soc.,3,103-125, 1930. Chédin, A. et al., Une banquet de données pour l’étude des phénomènes de transfert radiatif dans les atmospheres planétaires: la banquet GEISA. Bulletin d’information du Centre de données Satellitaires (France), 22, 121-21. Chen, Y. et al., HCl Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Stratosphere and a Comparison with Ozone QBO, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22, 5, 2005. Coheur, P.F. et al., ACE-FTS observation of a young biomass burning plume : first reported measurements of C2H4, C3H60, H2CO and PAN by infrared occultation from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7907-7932, 2007. Cordero, E., S. Kawa, and M. Schoeberl, An analysis of tropical transport: Influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 16453-16461., 1997. Crutzen, P.J. etl. High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of primary organics anf their oxidation products over the tropical forests Surinam, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1161, 2000 103
Danielsen, E.F., In situ evidence of rapid, vertical, irreversible transport of lower tropospheric air into the lower tropical stratosphere by convective cloud turrets and by larger-scale upwelling in tropical cyclones. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8665-8681, 1993. De Smedt, I. Twelve years of global observation of formaldehyde in the troposphere using GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8,16, 4947-4963, 2008. Folkins, I., et al., A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D18), 22095-22102, 1999. Folkins, I. et al., OH,HO2 and NO in two biomass burning plumes: sources of HO x and implications for ozone production, Geophys. Res. Lett, 24, 3185-3188, 1997. Fried, A. et al., Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE- P: Distributions and box model comparisons. J. Geophys. Res, 108 (D20); 8798, 2003. Froidevaux, L. et al., Temporal decrease in atmospheric chlorine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, L23812, doi:10.1029/2006GL027600, 2006. Froidevaux, L. et al., Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HCl measurements, J Geophys Res, 113, D15S25, doi :10.1029/2007JD009025, 2008. Fu, D., et al., Global phosgene observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17815, 2007 Fueglistaler, S., et al., The Tropical Tropopause Layer. Rev. Geophys., 47, 2009. Gettelman, A., et al., Radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D7), 1-12, 2004. Gettelman, A. and Forster, P.M. A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer., J. Met. Soc. Japan, 80 (4B), 911-924, 2002. Gettelman, A., et al., Transport of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(1), 2002. Grant,W. et al., Use of volcanic aerosols to study the tropical stratospheric reservoir., J. Geophys. Res., 101(D2), 3973-3988, 1996. Gratien, A. B. Laboratory intercomparison of the formaldehyde absorption cross sections in the infrared (1660–1820 cm -1 ) and ultraviolet (300–360 nm), spectral regions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05305, doi:10.1029/2006JD007201, 2007. Gunson,,M.R., Increase in levels of stratospheric chlorine and fluorine loading between 1985 and 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(20), 2223-2226, 1994. Hasebe,F., Quasi-Biennal Oscillations of oone and dabatic circulation in the equatorial stratosphere. J.Atmos.Sci., 51, 721-745, 1994. 104
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UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS ÉCOLE DOC
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Il y a une personne qui n’a pas e
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CHAPITRE 3 SIMULATION ET INVERSION
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prépondérant. Cependant, les mesu
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CHAPITRE 1 CONTEXTE SCIENTIFIQUE A)
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Figure 1-1 - Profil vertical de tem
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∂θ est le terme de stabilité st
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A.2.2 Circulation stratosphérique
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adiatif de cette couche et agissent
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et 3.5 PVU (Hoerling et al., 1991),
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Il est utile de mentionner que les
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trillion in volume » : pptv). Tout
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Les principales sources de chlore s
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CCl4 ou le méthyl chloroforme CH3C
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Figure 1-7 - Distributions latitudi
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Parallèlement aux mesures satellit
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cette estimation. Ainsi, ces désac
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HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 (1.25) HOCl
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CHAPITRE 2 MESURES DE COMPOSES ATMO
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de 0.8 μm à 2.5 μm environ, l’
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- Elargissement naturel: Il trouve
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g ( % ν ) = g ( % ν ) ⊗ g ( %
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2.2. Description de l’instrument
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diode est refroidi à l’azote liq
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d’échelle de nombre d’onde) a
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Pour étalonner de manière absolue
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en particulier de la fonction d’a
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Figure 2-10 - Procédure d’ajuste
Page 58 and 59: CHAPITRE 3 SIMULATION ET INVERSION
Page 60 and 61: d’absorption attendus pour chaque
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3-3 - Profil vertical de rap
Page 64 and 65: Figure 3-5 - Raies d’absorption d
Page 66 and 67: du choix. Notons que La raie à 283
Page 68 and 69: mesure correcte de formaldéhyde re
Page 70 and 71: 3.2.4 Etalonnage des raies d’abso
Page 72 and 73: Nous trouvons donc un bon accord en
Page 74 and 75: Le premier vol de SPIRALE en régio
Page 76 and 77: On constate que des valeurs de temp
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3-14 - Profils verticaux de
Page 80 and 81: du second vol tropical de SPIRALE,
Page 82 and 83: Dans ce chapitre, nous abordons l
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4-3- Ajustement de la raie d
Page 86 and 87: Altitude (m) p 33000 31000 29000 27
Page 88 and 89: Figure 4-7 - Rétro-trajectoires de
Page 90 and 91: 4.2.2. Mesures de HCl dans la basse
Page 92 and 93: Altitude (m) p 33000 31000 29000 27
Page 94 and 95: SPIRALE, 22 Juin 2005 Easterly Alti
Page 96 and 97: mélange de (a) HCl (en unité de 0
Page 98 and 99: Le 9 Juin 2008, entre 15 et 20 km d
Page 100 and 101: géographiques au voisinage de cell
Page 102 and 103: Niveaux de pression (hPa) N# de poi
Page 104 and 105: sont révélées être inférieures
Page 106 and 107: soumettre au journal de l’Europea
Page 110 and 111: Hauchecorne, A., et al., Quantifica
Page 112 and 113: Romaroson, R.. et al., A box model
Page 114 and 115: Annexe: Publication parue dans le j
Page 116 and 117: 1 Introduction Active chlorine spec
Page 118 and 119: FTS satellite instrument in agreeme
Page 120 and 121: absorption signal is difficult to r
Page 122 and 123: found at an almost constant value o
Page 124 and 125: our previous paper (Moreau et al.,
Page 126 and 127: PV fields on isentropic surfaces. T
Page 128 and 129: Between 46.4 hPa and 10.0 hPa (i.e.
Page 130 and 131: As a conclusion, the present paper,
Page 132 and 133: Folkins, I., Loewenstein, M., Podol
Page 134 and 135: Version 2.2 level 2 data quality an
Page 136 and 137: Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Bar
Page 138 and 139: F., Höpfner, M., Huret, N., Jones,
Page 140 and 141: Fig. 2. Vertical profiles of temper
Page 142 and 143: Altitude (m) 31000 29000 27000 2500
Page 144 and 145: Fig. 6. Latitudinal and longitudina
Page 146 and 147: (a) Pressure (hPa) (b) Pressure (hP
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