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Housing plans in Lithuaniafloors, and bigger on the upper floors in the same house. This subsection also deals with otherorganization principles of apartment buildings of new structure.3.2. Role of Changed Apartment Size, Comfort and Esthetical CriteriaLooking to the nowadays situation of apartment market, and considering that the apartmentfunctional structure, its size, key types of applicable furniture and customary interior equipmenthas been settled quite clear and steady, high quality satisfaction of individual needsgains more and more importance. Besides other things, it covers individualization of apartmentfunctional structure in accordance with a family or individual’s needs. Pursuant to thepresent day practice, different regulations are applied in apartment building design (STR2.02.01 Residential Buildings). But the quality structure (formation) of apartment is ensurednot solely though observance of such regulations. Even if an apartment has sufficient area,this does not necessarily mean that its interior space can be planned and furnished in compliancewith its comfort requirements. If rooms have bad proportions, too many doors andwindows have been designed or designed without proper consideration, too many passagescross in a premise, such an apartment may look uncomfortable despite its huge area. Afteranalysis of apartment functional schemes, it should be pointed out that the arrangementof functional zones within such apartment is optimal only when functional element andfunctional zoning arrangement method are followed in designing such apartment.3.3. Apartment Layout Structure and Impact of Transformation There ofon the Functional StructureIn examination of transformation tendencies of different housing criteria, it is noticeablethat key types of apartment structure are the following: apartment with one-side naturallight source, apartment with two-sided natural light source and with multiple-sided naturallight sources. Depending on the need for natural light source for ancillary elements, suchas kitchen, bathroom, lavatory and staircase, and width of a premise, each of the aforementionedorientations may have several variants. Size and location of such elements may bedifferent depending on norms, traditions and designers’ skills. This chapter deals with eachseparate apartment illumination variant and sub-variant and their changes in Lithuania after1990. The chapter also analyzes in detail apartment aeration schemes and changes of apartmententrances and the related functional structure schemes.3.4. Innovation Contained in the Key Housing ElementsThis Chapter analyzes innovations that after the 1990-ies modified the quality of key apartmentelements, i.e. the residential premises, their quantitative and functional composition. The studymaterial obtained is compared with analogous foreign studies. After examining the changesin the composition of the key apartment elements, the author comes to a conclusion that presentlyessential elements of apartments undergo great transformations in Lithuania – an apartmentis divided in zones rather than premises. New relations appear among functional zonesthat existed earlier, in the interwar period apartments, but during the last decade of the 20 thcentury they gained new quality. Residential spaces no longer bear a single function, but rather155
Summarybecome more transformable. They accommodate several functions to be changed dependingon the time of the day and residents’ activities. Foreign practice shows that these processes ofco-existence of the main residential spaces are developing even more rapidly.3.5. Changes in the Area of Ancillary and Additional Housing ElementsThis Chapter deals with ancillary functional elements within an apartment. They are analyzedon a separate basis, i.e. on a building and apartment levels. Staircases, premises ofcommon use, elevators, waste handling and other ancillary premises may be referred to asancillary functional elements of a building. In a flat, such ancillary functional elements encompasscorridors, storerooms, wardrobes, ancillary premises near kitchen and other utilitypremises. Lifestyles have changed not once within the 20 th century, so as the types of ancillaryfunctional elements, their quantity and location in the building. With functional andrational way of living taking the stand in the post-war period these elements were startedto minimize. It may be stated that living rooms and their number determine the number ofpersons able to live in an apartment, and the size of ancillary functional elements ensure thecomfortable living in such apartment.3.6. Forecasted Future TrendsFor quite a long time, traditional understanding of living space has been restricted by idealwalls between the two floors, i.e. Neufert’s typology. An ideal design for functional layoutscheme of an apartment building was understood as well-arranged repetition (in a typologicalsense) of a living space, i.e. apartment, scheme, thus ensuring minimum residents’needs. But today the change of approach to the living space has been greatly influencedby economic – political, social – cultural, technological and other changes in society alsotransforming directly the living space. For example, the key social criteria nowadays are livingtogether rather than in an isolated, secluded way. It is obvious that new mass media havebeen strongly affecting the relations existing in daily life. Thanks to penetration capabilities ofnew data transmission technologies and telecommunications, an individual is able to workwithout leaving his/her living space. A new type of job is being developed, also changingthe functional structure of an apartment. Similarly, a remote learning which is recently gainingmore and more popularity has revealed already and will reveal more new problemsin solving functional structure issues of a residential housing. As climatic changes are gettingmore severe, this of course will have certain influence on functional changes of a livingspace. These are just a few parameters that will affect residential environment as well as itsplanning and special structure relations.General Conclusions1561. The functional structure of contemporary 20 th century housing in Lithuania has beenchanging in reaction to complicated and multi-layer political, economical and socioculturalsituation in the country. The functional structure of housing in Lithuania isspecific due to Lithuania’s geopolitical position and influences coming from the WesternEurope and Russia, situated in the eastern neighborhood.
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