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number of factors found together that encourages the identification of a religious site (Renfrew 1985, p.19). For instance, it is the concentration of figurines in association with frescoes and architectural additions such as stone benches, as at Mycenae and Asine mentioned above, that is so persuasive (Dickinson 1994, p.293; Renfrew 1985, p.19 no.2, 6, 8, 11). In some cases the interpretation of such items as religious, with or without association to architectural additions, are further supported by the presence of a later Archaic and/or Classical temple on the same site, which has confidently been interpreted as a place of worship. This is particularly the case where LBA activity is represented by such artefacts as figurines, rhyta and so on (e.g. Temple of Apollo at Delphi; the Telesterion at Eleusis; throne of Apollo at Amyklaion; Taylour 1983, p.64; Temple of Aphaia on Aegina, Pilafidis- Williams 1998). However, in addition, part of the repertoire associated with sacred space in the LH period are objects often described as ‘domestic’ in nature, such as spindle whorls, domestic wares and stone tools (Sourvinou-Inwood 1993, p.7). When such material is found on sites of later sacred activity, it is also often posited as the result of religious activity, albeit tentatively (e.g. Mazarakis Ainian 1997, p.308-309; Forsen et al 1999, p.179; and see below). As Renfrew (1994, p.47) states, identification is not easy when artefacts used in a religious context have other, secular uses. 4.2.2: Late Helladic religious and sacred sites in Arkadia The points raised above regarding recognising Mycenaean religious and ritual activity are pertinent to the evidence from Arkadia. Of 57 sites that have evidence from the LH period, only eight can be considered to have any evidence that could be considered religious in nature, and these are listed below in Table 4.1. It must be made clear that there remains a great deal of uncertainty on this issue. In most cases, interpretations are based on comparative analysis, but otherwise remain highly speculative: four of these sites are considered religious in nature largely because later indisputable religious activity took place at the site although 92
artefactual evidence also suggests it. These sites are Pheneos Kalyvia-Pyrgos (6), Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos (25), the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea (34) and Asea-Ayios Elias (46). The remaining sites are considered to have religious significance for various reasons, some more compelling than others, and have been included here to account for all possibilities. Site ID Site Name site type 1 site type 2 6 Pheneos a - Kalyvia-Pyrgos (anc. Pheneos) scatter settlement+ritual 13 Vlakherna a - Petra scatter ritual 25 Orchomenos - Palaiopyrgos structure+assemblage settlement+ritual 31 Loukas - Ayios Yioryios scatter ?activity+ritual 34 Alea (Tegea) - Temple of Athena Alea assemblage ritual 36 Vounon scatter ?activity+ritual 45 Kato Asea-Palaiokastro structure+assemblage settlement+burial+ritual 46 Asea-Ayios Elias assemblage ritual Table 4.1: LH sites of religious/sacred activity. The sites will be dealt with in the order they appear in Table 4.1 above. Beginning at Pheneos (6), in the north east of Arkadia on the southern hill, a Hellenistic temple of Asklepeius was excavated by Protonotariou-Dheilaki (1961-2, pp.158-9; Fig.4.1) and beneath this were found Middle Helladic and Mycenaean levels. Mycenaean sherds were found across much of the hill of ancient Pheneos but it is not clear from the limited publications whether the Mycenaean finds from under the Asklepeion could be indicative of specifically religious ritual activity or general habitation. South from Pheneos and on the other side of Mount Oryxis, Vlakherna a-Petra (13) is a site that has neither later indisputable evidence for religious activity, nor particularly indicative Mycenaean evidence. However, the physical nature of the site and its position on the Lower Orchomenos plain (plain of Kandhila), in conjunction with Pausanias’ description of two temples of Artemis in the area (8.23.4), has encouraged interest in this site as possessing religious significance in the past (e.g. Hiller von Gaetringen 1911, p.21; Papandreou 1920). This site will be considered in more detail below (case study B). 93
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ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
Page 61 and 62: 2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
Page 63 and 64: There is also some debate as to how
Page 65 and 66: inspire the idea that here is much
Page 67 and 68: 3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
Page 69 and 70: opinions are as valid as the next.
Page 71 and 72: Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
Page 73 and 74: in detached ways, as a backdrop to
Page 75 and 76: eings living in the landscapes unde
Page 77 and 78: awareness. A space is not entered i
Page 79 and 80: ‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
Page 81 and 82: today it is partly encompassed by A
Page 83 and 84: more successfully through the creat
Page 85 and 86: LG period onwards, a site that alth
Page 87 and 88: evidence was also recorded, in orde
Page 89 and 90: These definitions changed throughou
Page 91 and 92: Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
Page 93 and 94: een predominant in one period rathe
Page 95 and 96: Given the constraints of this study
Page 97 and 98: the life of an individual; and even
Page 99 and 100: influence the environment (in the w
Page 101 and 102: Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
Page 103 and 104: Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
Page 105 and 106: primarily on Attic sequences. These
Page 107 and 108: interacted with, people are ‘in-t
Page 109 and 110: PART 2 89
Page 111: ground plan, in particular the Hous
Page 115 and 116: The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
Page 117 and 118: Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
Page 119 and 120: elonging to the Archaic and Classic
Page 121 and 122: 4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
Page 123 and 124: Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
Page 125 and 126: and caves are often sites of religi
Page 127 and 128: collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
Page 129 and 130: Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
Page 131 and 132: along with possible earlier G bronz
Page 133 and 134: In the central region of Arkadia, t
Page 135 and 136: supported this notion with many san
Page 137 and 138: the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
Page 139 and 140: Apart from physical structures, muc
Page 141 and 142: the right things and performing the
Page 143 and 144: prominent natural features, sometim
Page 145 and 146: 4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
Page 147 and 148: Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
Page 149 and 150: had a specific and significant role
Page 151 and 152: positioned in the place it was, may
Page 153 and 154: Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
Page 155 and 156: have been dictated by seasons and s
Page 157 and 158: part of the lower plain of Orchomen
Page 159 and 160: Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
Page 161 and 162: Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
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The majority of G religious sites a
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have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
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weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
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eport has yet been published. Howev
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Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
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Therefore, an understanding of the
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Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
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Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
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In addition, the suggestion of retu
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tradition had it that Heracles crea
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Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
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The objects that the community plac
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However, the idea of children being
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immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
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There is further weight here for th
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At times the landscape would be con
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Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
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mean that the living could not revi
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However, this site is not on its ow
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Besides being a potentially large c
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5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
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Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
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as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
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people who were not directly involv
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the same period and same region. Th
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were awestruck when such structures
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6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
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society continued. In some areas, t
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emaining eighteen sites have struct
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C). The eight sites in the northeas
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Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
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eleventh century BCE. However, gene
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1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
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A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
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In the central region of Arkadia, G
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evidence that does exist for other
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eduction in number of settlements a
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argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
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the distinct physicality of the lan
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Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
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Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
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Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
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e of similar construction (AR 1996-
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area. For people who lived in a sim
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others did, embellishing and adding
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Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
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Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
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constraints, such as the mountains,
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6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
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The LBA evidence has been taken to
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people at certain times, a meeting
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
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Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
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Just to the south of the ancient Ph
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Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
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pass over the mountains, this place
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Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
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PART 3 273
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is the no-man’s land between the
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need to control and divide territor
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living within a wider network of in
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subsistence patterns posited, the n
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has been challenged over the last f
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ecognising corresponding themes suc
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ways of looking at the past to look
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impressions and artistic representa
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Although not quite the norm, alread
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the archaeological record with an a
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APPENDICES 295
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monumental task. In addition, it ha
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the past landscape and often a dist
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A first reaction to these kind of c
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programme producers wanted images s
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Although the ideas outlined above m
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archaeologists can affect how, why
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illustrating the text, of explainin
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Site ID Site Name period site type
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A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
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Page 339 and 340:
Site ID Site Name period n site typ
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
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Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
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Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372:
Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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