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5.2.6: Protogeometric and Geometric burial evidence in Arkadia The evidence for both the PG and G period is disappointing in Arkadia, due mostly to the fact that finds and their locations have not yet been adequately published. This leaves us somewhat ignorant as to the details of the burials/graves and makes it impossible to ascertain GPS readings for their exact positions. Tables 5.2 and 5.3 below note the available data regarding these periods. Site ID Site Name site type 1 site type 2 burial type burial rite/s 28 Milea/Mantinea assemblage ?activity+burial ? ? ? 45 Kato Asea - Palaiokastro structure+findspot ?activity+burial cist inhumation 1 65 Priolithos findspot burial Pithos burial inhumation 1 burial quantity Table 5.2: PG burials, showing type, rite and number of graves/burials where know, not number of bodies which is unknown. Site ID Site Name site type 1 site type 2 26 Artemision - Ayios Ilias burial type burial rite/s structure+assemblage burial cist/pithos inhumation +1 28 Milea/Mantinea assemblage ?activity+burial pithos? ? ? 45 Kato Asea - Palaiokastro assemblage ritual+burial ? ? ? 52 Kyparissi Yiannolakka assemblage burial pithos inhumation 1 55 Andritsaina findspot burial ? ? 1? 65 Priolithos findspot burial pithos inhumation 1 67 Manesi findspot burial ? ? 1 68 Kompegadhi findspot burial ? ? 1 76 Bougrianou structure+assemblage burial ? ? 1+ burial quantity Table 5.3: G burials, showing type, rite and number of graves/burials where know, not number of bodies which is unknown. The actual number of PG burials is unknown, but they exist at Priolithos (65) near Kalavryta (Arch.Delt. 1967, 22b: p.217 pl156) and possibly in the region of Milea (28) near Mantinea (Tripolis museum, Morgan 1999, p.390 & p.443 n.41). There is also the possibility that one of the cist graves from the acropolis at Kato Asea-Palaiokastro (45) belongs to this period (Holmberg 1944, p.26-27). G burials are known from nine possible sites although again, the 160
actual number of graves is unknown. Most of these seem to have been pithos burials (Artemision-Ayios Ilias (26), Priolithos (65) and Kyparissa Yiannolakka (52)) although cist graves are known from Artemision-Ayios Ilias (26) (see table 5.3). The types of G burials located at Bougrianou (76) near Kamenitsa (Spyropoulos 1987-88, p.5-6; Morgan 1999, p.424) and Kompegadhi (68) (JHS 1954, p.157; Morgan 1999, p.419) are, as of yet, unknown. Hodkinson & Hodkinson (1981) also noted some pithos burials on the Mantinean plain, which were uncovered during a road construction in 1980. Other than noting them here I can say no more regarding their date and nothing is known now of their whereabouts (Steven Hodkinson pers. comm. 26th September 2003). 5.3: Interpreting burial evidence The archaeology of death can almost be considered a sub-discipline in itself and a wealth of literature has been published in the last three decades both within the world of Greek archaeology and beyond (e.g. Morris 1987; Whitley 1991; Cavanagh and Mee 1998; Parker Pearson 1999; Tarlow 1999). Burial evidence is considered indispensable in a quest to understand past societies, in a large part due to the prominence of tombs and graves in the archaeological record. If they have escaped the attention of robbers both ancient and modern, then they exist as a sealed deposit and are the remains of a single act, or at least represent use over a short period of time. In contrast, settlements can often be continuously occupied, covering and/or destroying evidence of earlier periods, leaving an often intensely complicated set of remains with which to contend. Despite their obvious value however, burials represent one of the most difficult aspects of the material record to interpret. A burial that an archaeologist comes to excavate is the result of a number of certain acts, namely the physical remains of funerary and mortuary ritual. Archaeologists and sociologists alike have long discussed the purposes of the funeral, how it 161
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ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
Page 129 and 130: Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
Page 131 and 132: along with possible earlier G bronz
Page 133 and 134: In the central region of Arkadia, t
Page 135 and 136: supported this notion with many san
Page 137 and 138: the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
Page 139 and 140: Apart from physical structures, muc
Page 141 and 142: the right things and performing the
Page 143 and 144: prominent natural features, sometim
Page 145 and 146: 4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
Page 147 and 148: Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
Page 149 and 150: had a specific and significant role
Page 151 and 152: positioned in the place it was, may
Page 153 and 154: Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
Page 155 and 156: have been dictated by seasons and s
Page 157 and 158: part of the lower plain of Orchomen
Page 159 and 160: Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
Page 161 and 162: Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
Page 163 and 164: Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
Page 165 and 166: Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
Page 167 and 168: However, Ptolis was also an elevate
Page 169 and 170: The majority of G religious sites a
Page 171 and 172: have had a unique affect on the con
Page 173 and 174: urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
Page 175 and 176: weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
Page 177 and 178: eport has yet been published. Howev
Page 179: Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
Page 183 and 184: p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
Page 185 and 186: about the area at this time or excl
Page 187 and 188: Therefore, an understanding of the
Page 189 and 190: Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
Page 193 and 194: In addition, the suggestion of retu
Page 195 and 196: tradition had it that Heracles crea
Page 197 and 198: Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
Page 199 and 200: The objects that the community plac
Page 201 and 202: However, the idea of children being
Page 203 and 204: immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
Page 205 and 206: There is further weight here for th
Page 207 and 208: At times the landscape would be con
Page 209 and 210: Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
Page 211 and 212: mean that the living could not revi
Page 213 and 214: However, this site is not on its ow
Page 215 and 216: Besides being a potentially large c
Page 217 and 218: 5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
Page 219 and 220: Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
Page 221 and 222: as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
Page 223 and 224: people who were not directly involv
Page 225 and 226: the same period and same region. Th
Page 227 and 228: were awestruck when such structures
Page 229 and 230: 6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
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society continued. In some areas, t
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emaining eighteen sites have struct
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C). The eight sites in the northeas
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Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
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eleventh century BCE. However, gene
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1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
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A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
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In the central region of Arkadia, G
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evidence that does exist for other
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eduction in number of settlements a
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argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
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the distinct physicality of the lan
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Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
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Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
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Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
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e of similar construction (AR 1996-
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area. For people who lived in a sim
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others did, embellishing and adding
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Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
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Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
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constraints, such as the mountains,
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6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
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The LBA evidence has been taken to
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people at certain times, a meeting
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
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Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
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Just to the south of the ancient Ph
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Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
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pass over the mountains, this place
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Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
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PART 3 273
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is the no-man’s land between the
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need to control and divide territor
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living within a wider network of in
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subsistence patterns posited, the n
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has been challenged over the last f
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ecognising corresponding themes suc
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ways of looking at the past to look
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impressions and artistic representa
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Although not quite the norm, alread
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the archaeological record with an a
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APPENDICES 295
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monumental task. In addition, it ha
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the past landscape and often a dist
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A first reaction to these kind of c
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programme producers wanted images s
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Although the ideas outlined above m
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archaeologists can affect how, why
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illustrating the text, of explainin
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Site ID Site Name period site type
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A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
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Site ID Site Name period n site typ
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
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Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
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Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372:
Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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