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Although such statements maybe considered ‘unscientific’ and have nothing to do with the ‘past-as-it-was’, for many trying to be an objective archaeologist, it may do well to remember that the initial impetus to enter into research probably began through such an emotive response when first engaging with the material remains and ancient literature. There is no shame in admitting it. In some ways, this emotional, subjective view of the past is characteristic of traditional archaeology, the innocent stage and in many ways is still a trait of Classical archaeology. The effect of processualism was to ‘disallow’ this kind of engagement with the past as being unscientific, and therefore incorrect and inviable. Perhaps the point now reached is one where the ‘science’ or scientific method behind archaeology is appreciated, such as the need for standards in archaeological practice, Munsell charts, Harris matrices, Carbon 14 dating, thermo-luminescence, careful excavation and recording and so on, but not see this as a limitation on creative thoughts and imagination. With the existence of the material record, alongside peers and colleagues limiting the possibilities of explanation, there is no necessary pretence, no fighting a losing battle on a journey to attaining a truth that can never be tested. No fictional archaeologist referred to by Richard Bradley need ever have a nervous breakdown after ‘waking-up’ to the uncertainty of knowledge (1993, p.131-133). Imaginations can breathe, and along with a plethora of ideas out there already, they can engage with the material record and the people who created, used and negotiated their lives through it. Scholars who have experimented with narratives such as Mark Edmonds (1999, 2001) and novel sessions at TAG (e.g. Poetic TAG, TAG 2004, Fig. 7.1) show viable ways of investigating past lives and landscape. This does not, nor ever will, take the place of field survey and excavation, but it does allow insights and connections that are otherwise lost. Encouragingly, the publication of the Asea Valley Survey (Forsen & Forsen 2003) included sketches produced by students in the field, not official or scientific illustrations, but 288
impressions and artistic representations (Fig. 7.2 and 7.3 below). These give a sense of engagement, an understanding that the archaeologists experienced the landscape in which they were working and, although I do not know at which level in the job hierarchy the ‘artists’ were, acts like this and the inclusion of the results may very well have cemented a working team together where members and their opinions were felt to be valued. Fig.7.1: Excerpt from Fieldwalkers, by M. Given, inspired by the Boeotia survey Greece (Poetic TAG, Glasgow: TAG 2004). 289
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ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
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Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
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along with possible earlier G bronz
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In the central region of Arkadia, t
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supported this notion with many san
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the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
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Apart from physical structures, muc
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the right things and performing the
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prominent natural features, sometim
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4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
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Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
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had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
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have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
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Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
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The majority of G religious sites a
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have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
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weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
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eport has yet been published. Howev
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Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
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Therefore, an understanding of the
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Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
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Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
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In addition, the suggestion of retu
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tradition had it that Heracles crea
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Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
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The objects that the community plac
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However, the idea of children being
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immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
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There is further weight here for th
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At times the landscape would be con
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Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
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mean that the living could not revi
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However, this site is not on its ow
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Besides being a potentially large c
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5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
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Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
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as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
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people who were not directly involv
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the same period and same region. Th
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were awestruck when such structures
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6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
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society continued. In some areas, t
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emaining eighteen sites have struct
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C). The eight sites in the northeas
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Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
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eleventh century BCE. However, gene
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1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
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A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
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In the central region of Arkadia, G
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evidence that does exist for other
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eduction in number of settlements a
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argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
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the distinct physicality of the lan
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Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
Page 257 and 258: Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
Page 259 and 260: Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
Page 261 and 262: e of similar construction (AR 1996-
Page 263 and 264: area. For people who lived in a sim
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Page 267 and 268: Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
Page 269 and 270: Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
Page 271 and 272: constraints, such as the mountains,
Page 273 and 274: 6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
Page 275 and 276: The LBA evidence has been taken to
Page 277 and 278: people at certain times, a meeting
Page 279 and 280: Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
Page 281 and 282: 6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
Page 283 and 284: Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
Page 285 and 286: Just to the south of the ancient Ph
Page 287 and 288: Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
Page 289 and 290: pass over the mountains, this place
Page 291 and 292: Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
Page 293 and 294: PART 3 273
Page 295 and 296: is the no-man’s land between the
Page 297 and 298: need to control and divide territor
Page 299 and 300: living within a wider network of in
Page 301 and 302: subsistence patterns posited, the n
Page 303 and 304: has been challenged over the last f
Page 305 and 306: ecognising corresponding themes suc
Page 307: ways of looking at the past to look
Page 311 and 312: Although not quite the norm, alread
Page 313 and 314: the archaeological record with an a
Page 315 and 316: APPENDICES 295
Page 317 and 318: monumental task. In addition, it ha
Page 319 and 320: the past landscape and often a dist
Page 321 and 322: A first reaction to these kind of c
Page 323 and 324: programme producers wanted images s
Page 325 and 326: Although the ideas outlined above m
Page 327 and 328: archaeologists can affect how, why
Page 329 and 330: illustrating the text, of explainin
Page 331 and 332: Site ID Site Name period site type
Page 335 and 336: A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
Page 339 and 340: Site ID Site Name period n site typ
Page 341 and 342: Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 343 and 344: Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 345 and 346: Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
Page 347 and 348: Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
Page 349 and 350: Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352: Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354: Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356: Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358: Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
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Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
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Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
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Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
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Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
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Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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