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RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TUAS Temple University Aegean Symposium ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far removed from all things Greek might be forgiven for thinking that Arkadia is perhaps not a real place at all. In many people’s minds, it looms large as an imaginary, idealized landscape; an invention of poets and painters. This view is not entirely wrong. Indeed, this is the Arkadia described by Virgil in the first Century BCE (Eclogues) and by Early Modern poets such as Jacopo Sannazaro (1458 – 1530) and Sir Philip Sydney (1554 - 1586) in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This is the Arkadia employed as the setting or theme of paintings, such as Nicolas Poussin’s ‘The Arcadian shepherds` of the 17th Century and is still the subject of modern novels about journeys to ‘paradise’ (Okri, 2002). However, Arkadia is more than this. Unlike the comparable Elysian, Arkadian ‘fields’ are tangible, with varying degrees of correlation to the creative or metaphorical portrayals alluded to above. It is a real place, a region of both modern and ancient Greece that can be visited in person, not just through the imagination of others. This thesis is an investigation into the ‘real’ landscapes of this region as opposed to those imaginary and idealized. Hence, the starting point of the study is the physical and material landscapes of the region of Arkadia. These real landscapes are situated in the Peloponnese abutting the territories of Korinthia, the Argolid, Lakonia, Messenia, Elis and Achaea, today as they did in the past, despite fluctuations in the boundaries over time ((Nielsen 1999, p.60; Morgan 2003, p.39; Voyatzis 2005). However, the landscapes under scrutiny are those belonging to the LBA and EIA, a period of time ranging from c.1600 to c.700BCE. To claim to be investigating the ‘real’ landscapes belonging to a region so distant in time may seem an arrogant one, not least because it may be anachronistic to use the name Arkadia at all at this time (Roy 1968, p.20; Nielsen 1999, p.47). In addition, it is a region intertwined with beguiling myths pointing to a continuing population throughout the period, yet beset with a 1
Page 1 and 2: ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This research explores the
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
Page 9 and 10: APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
Page 11 and 12: Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
Page 13 and 14: Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
Page 15 and 16: Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
Page 17 and 18: Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
Page 19: LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
Page 23 and 24: put aside for many regions of Greec
Page 25 and 26: Such an approach based on whole lan
Page 27 and 28: historiography on the region, the s
Page 29 and 30: eference to similarly interpreted s
Page 31 and 32: accessed are indicated by a papercl
Page 33 and 34: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
Page 35 and 36: sources. This mythical genealogy an
Page 37 and 38: sources referring to him in the Ark
Page 39 and 40: and Classical periods shows close l
Page 41 and 42: We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
Page 43 and 44: e put in the narratives as told by
Page 45 and 46: one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
Page 47 and 48: In many ways, however, the fact tha
Page 49 and 50: interest in the prehistory of Arkad
Page 51 and 52: contributed to knowledge of six sit
Page 53 and 54: There have also been continuing exc
Page 55 and 56: much potential for agriculture, esp
Page 57 and 58: een documented that Pikoulas has ca
Page 59 and 60: there did not consider the mountain
Page 61 and 62: 2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
Page 63 and 64: There is also some debate as to how
Page 65 and 66: inspire the idea that here is much
Page 67 and 68: 3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
Page 69 and 70: opinions are as valid as the next.
Page 71 and 72:
Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
Page 73 and 74:
in detached ways, as a backdrop to
Page 75 and 76:
eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
Page 79 and 80:
‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
Page 83 and 84:
more successfully through the creat
Page 85 and 86:
LG period onwards, a site that alth
Page 87 and 88:
evidence was also recorded, in orde
Page 89 and 90:
These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
Page 93 and 94:
een predominant in one period rathe
Page 95 and 96:
Given the constraints of this study
Page 97 and 98:
the life of an individual; and even
Page 99 and 100:
influence the environment (in the w
Page 101 and 102:
Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
Page 103 and 104:
Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
Page 105 and 106:
primarily on Attic sequences. These
Page 107 and 108:
interacted with, people are ‘in-t
Page 109 and 110:
PART 2 89
Page 111 and 112:
ground plan, in particular the Hous
Page 113 and 114:
artefactual evidence also suggests
Page 115 and 116:
The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
Page 117 and 118:
Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
Page 119 and 120:
elonging to the Archaic and Classic
Page 121 and 122:
4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
Page 123 and 124:
Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
Page 125 and 126:
and caves are often sites of religi
Page 127 and 128:
collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
Page 129 and 130:
Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
Page 131 and 132:
along with possible earlier G bronz
Page 133 and 134:
In the central region of Arkadia, t
Page 135 and 136:
supported this notion with many san
Page 137 and 138:
the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
Page 139 and 140:
Apart from physical structures, muc
Page 141 and 142:
the right things and performing the
Page 143 and 144:
prominent natural features, sometim
Page 145 and 146:
4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
Page 147 and 148:
Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
Page 149 and 150:
had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
Page 155 and 156:
have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
Page 161 and 162:
Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
Page 167 and 168:
However, Ptolis was also an elevate
Page 169 and 170:
The majority of G religious sites a
Page 171 and 172:
have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
Page 175 and 176:
weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
Page 177 and 178:
eport has yet been published. Howev
Page 179 and 180:
Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
Page 187 and 188:
Therefore, an understanding of the
Page 189 and 190:
Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
Page 191 and 192:
Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
Page 193 and 194:
In addition, the suggestion of retu
Page 195 and 196:
tradition had it that Heracles crea
Page 197 and 198:
Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
Page 199 and 200:
The objects that the community plac
Page 201 and 202:
However, the idea of children being
Page 203 and 204:
immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
Page 205 and 206:
There is further weight here for th
Page 207 and 208:
At times the landscape would be con
Page 209 and 210:
Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
Page 211 and 212:
mean that the living could not revi
Page 213 and 214:
However, this site is not on its ow
Page 215 and 216:
Besides being a potentially large c
Page 217 and 218:
5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
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Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
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as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
Page 223 and 224:
people who were not directly involv
Page 225 and 226:
the same period and same region. Th
Page 227 and 228:
were awestruck when such structures
Page 229 and 230:
6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
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society continued. In some areas, t
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emaining eighteen sites have struct
Page 235 and 236:
C). The eight sites in the northeas
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Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
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eleventh century BCE. However, gene
Page 241 and 242:
1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
Page 243 and 244:
A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
Page 245 and 246:
In the central region of Arkadia, G
Page 247 and 248:
evidence that does exist for other
Page 249 and 250:
eduction in number of settlements a
Page 251 and 252:
argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
Page 253 and 254:
the distinct physicality of the lan
Page 255 and 256:
Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
Page 257 and 258:
Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
Page 259 and 260:
Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
Page 261 and 262:
e of similar construction (AR 1996-
Page 263 and 264:
area. For people who lived in a sim
Page 265 and 266:
others did, embellishing and adding
Page 267 and 268:
Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
Page 269 and 270:
Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
Page 271 and 272:
constraints, such as the mountains,
Page 273 and 274:
6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
Page 275 and 276:
The LBA evidence has been taken to
Page 277 and 278:
people at certain times, a meeting
Page 279 and 280:
Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
Page 281 and 282:
6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
Page 283 and 284:
Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
Page 285 and 286:
Just to the south of the ancient Ph
Page 287 and 288:
Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
Page 289 and 290:
pass over the mountains, this place
Page 291 and 292:
Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
Page 293 and 294:
PART 3 273
Page 295 and 296:
is the no-man’s land between the
Page 297 and 298:
need to control and divide territor
Page 299 and 300:
living within a wider network of in
Page 301 and 302:
subsistence patterns posited, the n
Page 303 and 304:
has been challenged over the last f
Page 305 and 306:
ecognising corresponding themes suc
Page 307 and 308:
ways of looking at the past to look
Page 309 and 310:
impressions and artistic representa
Page 311 and 312:
Although not quite the norm, alread
Page 313 and 314:
the archaeological record with an a
Page 315 and 316:
APPENDICES 295
Page 317 and 318:
monumental task. In addition, it ha
Page 319 and 320:
the past landscape and often a dist
Page 321 and 322:
A first reaction to these kind of c
Page 323 and 324:
programme producers wanted images s
Page 325 and 326:
Although the ideas outlined above m
Page 327 and 328:
archaeologists can affect how, why
Page 329 and 330:
illustrating the text, of explainin
Page 331 and 332:
Site ID Site Name period site type
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Site ID Site Name period n site typ
Page 341 and 342:
Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 343 and 344:
Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 345 and 346:
Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
Page 347 and 348:
Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
Page 349 and 350:
Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372:
Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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