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dating - at least for similar roads in the Argolid, and Laconia (Pikoulas, 1999, p.306-7) - many may have followed similar routes as those during the period in question. In Arkadia, the routes located by Pikoulas and Tausend certainly connect the main areas of Arkadia in the Classical period, but, in addition, all of these areas have earlier evidence, such as the pass above Sangas at Portes (Stavros Boulouyouris, pers comm. October 2003) (Fig 6.3). Moreover, Pikoulas’ (1999), work is limited to routes used by wheeled vehicle; many tracks and passes would have been used by foot or by pack animal, but these have left few traces (Map 6.; Forsen & Forsen, 2003, p.198). Map 6.1: Map of the Arkadian road-network (source: Pikoulas, 1999: Map 3). Whilst the issue regarding the lack of direct evidence for routes within Arkadia during the period in question is interesting, more pertinent perhaps are the issues surrounding the 226
evidence that does exist for other ‘mundane’ activities. For instance, most evidence for the everyday is discovered through survey and exists as scatters. What such surface evidence means in terms of past human activity is far from clear for all periods and places. As has been illustrated a number of times already (e.g. Alcock et al. 1994, p.138; Mattingly 2000, p.6), although field survey is an important and widespread method of investigating a landscape, it is a method which is by no means executed in a standard way, neither throughout the world nor within Greece. Each survey utilises or has utilised differing methodologies and each archaeologist remains confident in their own process of site-definition, which is after all an interpretative act (for a thorough consideration of the surveys undertaken in Arkadia see Chapter 2, Section 2.3.3). Of course, it is understood that these definitions are directly relevant to the way the evidence has then been used to discuss settlement patterns, hierarchy and economy. As pointed out in Chapter 2 Section 2.3.3 and Chapter 3 Section 3.2.5, there has been much discussion over the significance of scatters, in particular regarding the point at which sherd- counts actually represent sites and in turn, what kind of activity a site signifies (e.g. Gallant 1986; Cherry et al. 1991, Ch 3; Alcock Cherry & Davis 1994; Mattingly 2000). In Greece, past estimates have held that approximately 30 -50 sherds per 100 sq m are needed to constitute a site (Bintliff 1985). This is particularly pertinent to Arkadia because the vast majority of sites are little more than findspots or scatters and if found as part of an intensive survey, depending on the area and period in question, would amount to no more than background noise, (Gallant 1986; Alcock Cherry & Davis 1994 p.138). Whilst this may seem worrying for Arkadia at first glance, the majority of sites in Arkadia have not been located during intensive surveys but have come to the attention of those undertaking extensive and unsystematic reconnaissance. A key example is Howell’s survey of the Eastern Plains (1970 and see Chapter 2). More to the point, survey methodology increasingly allows for 227
Page 1 and 2:
ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
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Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
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along with possible earlier G bronz
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In the central region of Arkadia, t
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supported this notion with many san
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the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
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Apart from physical structures, muc
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the right things and performing the
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prominent natural features, sometim
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4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
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Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
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had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
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have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
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Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
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The majority of G religious sites a
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have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
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weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
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eport has yet been published. Howev
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Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
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Therefore, an understanding of the
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Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
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Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
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In addition, the suggestion of retu
Page 195 and 196: tradition had it that Heracles crea
Page 197 and 198: Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
Page 199 and 200: The objects that the community plac
Page 201 and 202: However, the idea of children being
Page 203 and 204: immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
Page 205 and 206: There is further weight here for th
Page 207 and 208: At times the landscape would be con
Page 209 and 210: Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
Page 211 and 212: mean that the living could not revi
Page 213 and 214: However, this site is not on its ow
Page 215 and 216: Besides being a potentially large c
Page 217 and 218: 5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
Page 219 and 220: Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
Page 221 and 222: as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
Page 223 and 224: people who were not directly involv
Page 225 and 226: the same period and same region. Th
Page 227 and 228: were awestruck when such structures
Page 229 and 230: 6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
Page 231 and 232: society continued. In some areas, t
Page 233 and 234: emaining eighteen sites have struct
Page 235 and 236: C). The eight sites in the northeas
Page 237 and 238: Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
Page 239 and 240: eleventh century BCE. However, gene
Page 241 and 242: 1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
Page 243 and 244: A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
Page 245: In the central region of Arkadia, G
Page 249 and 250: eduction in number of settlements a
Page 251 and 252: argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
Page 253 and 254: the distinct physicality of the lan
Page 255 and 256: Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
Page 257 and 258: Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
Page 259 and 260: Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
Page 261 and 262: e of similar construction (AR 1996-
Page 263 and 264: area. For people who lived in a sim
Page 265 and 266: others did, embellishing and adding
Page 267 and 268: Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
Page 269 and 270: Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
Page 271 and 272: constraints, such as the mountains,
Page 273 and 274: 6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
Page 275 and 276: The LBA evidence has been taken to
Page 277 and 278: people at certain times, a meeting
Page 279 and 280: Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
Page 281 and 282: 6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
Page 283 and 284: Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
Page 285 and 286: Just to the south of the ancient Ph
Page 287 and 288: Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
Page 289 and 290: pass over the mountains, this place
Page 291 and 292: Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
Page 293 and 294: PART 3 273
Page 295 and 296: is the no-man’s land between the
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need to control and divide territor
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living within a wider network of in
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subsistence patterns posited, the n
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has been challenged over the last f
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ecognising corresponding themes suc
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ways of looking at the past to look
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impressions and artistic representa
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Although not quite the norm, alread
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the archaeological record with an a
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APPENDICES 295
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monumental task. In addition, it ha
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the past landscape and often a dist
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A first reaction to these kind of c
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programme producers wanted images s
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Although the ideas outlined above m
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archaeologists can affect how, why
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illustrating the text, of explainin
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Site ID Site Name period site type
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A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
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Site ID Site Name period n site typ
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
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Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
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Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372:
Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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