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suitable place, unless access was inhibited by those living in the Kapsia valley (Hodkinson & Hodkinson 1981, p.245-6; Pikoulas 1990, p.479) or the Artemision range could have provided further options. Nevertheless, it was the hill of Artemision-Ayios Ilias on which burials were sited. This hill separated the dead from the living, but it also afforded a setting that was highly visible from the surrounding plain. Whether the hill was wooded or not may have been of no consequence, it did not matter if the living could not see the plain around from the summit as they would only be there at certain special times, but it perhaps mattered greatly if the hill could be seen from below. The hill is also at a point where the plain begins to narrow at the north where a path runs between the Anchisia hills and Artemision range, but which can be seen neither from Artemision-Ayios Ilias nor from Ptolis (Chapter 4); it appears as if the plain is completely bounded and enclosed. The hill that signified the end of life may have been equated with the hill at the end of the living space – not necessarily that people were forbidden from going any further, but that it signified the end of a community’s territory. Connected to this is the fact running close to the hill would have been the probable route from the upper Orchomenos plain (plain of Levidi) to the Mantinean plain, as it is today. Having a cemetery of dead ancestors close by would convey a message to visitors and travellers about the community’s connections to this landscape. Even if this particular function or purpose of positioning of a cemetery on this hill was not foremost in the minds of those who buried their dead here, it would have been a consequence, intended or unintended. The place, direction and orientation of the hill would have acquired (further) significance and importance, reaffirmed as people moved through the landscape and lived as part of it. In addition to the burials on Artemision-Ayios Ilias, there is ambiguous burial evidence from around Mantinea (Hodkinson & Hodkinson 1981, p.239) and Milea (28), a sprawling modern- day hamlet. Burials found at Milea in the main appear to belong to Classical and Roman periods (or from Classical up until and including Roman periods?) and have been interpreted 200
as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Hodkinson & Hodkinson 1981; Arch.Delt. 1982, p.118). However, references to earlier material (Morgan 1999, p.390; AR 1984-5, p.23-4) and artefacts in the Tripolis museum suggest that some of the material from the area belongs to the Late Geometric period. In addition to this, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture states that the town of Mantinea was in fact founded in the Geometric period. The burials of Milea that date from the Classical period onwards were dotted around the plain to the southeast, north and northeast of the later town, and it may be that some of the LG material originated from scattered burial plots also. Moreover, if pithos burials from close to Nestani to the east reported by Hodkinson & Hodkinson (1981, p.292), belong to the Geometric period (pithos burials are known throughout many periods of ancient Greece especially in the Peloponnese: Kurtz & Boardman 1973, p.189-90; Hodkinson & Hodkinson 1981, p.294), then it reinforces an idea that burials were also located on the plain at this time. The scattered locations of such burials could then be indicative of dispersed villages and their associated burial plots (Hodkinson, 1981: 294), thus supporting Morgan’s (1999, p.390) suggestion of yet undiscovered scattered settlements existing on the plain. However, the pithoi found near Nestani might have been part of a larger burial ground to be associated with the site at Nestani-Paniyiristra, especially if they are in fact to be dated to the Classical or later periods. On the other hand, these burials are positioned on relatively high ground, at the point at which the plain of Nestane joins the Mantinean plain, and was perhaps chosen because of the problem of flooding particularly associated with the plain of Nestane (Pausanias 8.7.1), rather than due to proximity to a presumed settlement. In addition, the ground at this point is pebbly colluvium and thus less fertile, suggesting that the area was chosen for burial because of the qualities of the immediate landscape above other considerations (Hodkinson & Hodkinson 1981, p.294). 201
Page 1 and 2:
ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
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Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
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along with possible earlier G bronz
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In the central region of Arkadia, t
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supported this notion with many san
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the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
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Apart from physical structures, muc
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the right things and performing the
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prominent natural features, sometim
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4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
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Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
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had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
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have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
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Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
Page 169 and 170: The majority of G religious sites a
Page 171 and 172: have had a unique affect on the con
Page 173 and 174: urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
Page 175 and 176: weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
Page 177 and 178: eport has yet been published. Howev
Page 179 and 180: Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
Page 181 and 182: actual number of graves is unknown.
Page 183 and 184: p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
Page 185 and 186: about the area at this time or excl
Page 187 and 188: Therefore, an understanding of the
Page 189 and 190: Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
Page 193 and 194: In addition, the suggestion of retu
Page 195 and 196: tradition had it that Heracles crea
Page 197 and 198: Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
Page 199 and 200: The objects that the community plac
Page 201 and 202: However, the idea of children being
Page 203 and 204: immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
Page 205 and 206: There is further weight here for th
Page 207 and 208: At times the landscape would be con
Page 209 and 210: Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
Page 211 and 212: mean that the living could not revi
Page 213 and 214: However, this site is not on its ow
Page 215 and 216: Besides being a potentially large c
Page 217 and 218: 5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
Page 219: Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
Page 223 and 224: people who were not directly involv
Page 225 and 226: the same period and same region. Th
Page 227 and 228: were awestruck when such structures
Page 229 and 230: 6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
Page 231 and 232: society continued. In some areas, t
Page 233 and 234: emaining eighteen sites have struct
Page 235 and 236: C). The eight sites in the northeas
Page 237 and 238: Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
Page 239 and 240: eleventh century BCE. However, gene
Page 241 and 242: 1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
Page 243 and 244: A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
Page 245 and 246: In the central region of Arkadia, G
Page 247 and 248: evidence that does exist for other
Page 249 and 250: eduction in number of settlements a
Page 251 and 252: argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
Page 253 and 254: the distinct physicality of the lan
Page 255 and 256: Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
Page 257 and 258: Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
Page 259 and 260: Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
Page 261 and 262: e of similar construction (AR 1996-
Page 263 and 264: area. For people who lived in a sim
Page 265 and 266: others did, embellishing and adding
Page 267 and 268: Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
Page 269 and 270: Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
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constraints, such as the mountains,
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6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
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The LBA evidence has been taken to
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people at certain times, a meeting
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
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Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
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Just to the south of the ancient Ph
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Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
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pass over the mountains, this place
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Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
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PART 3 273
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is the no-man’s land between the
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need to control and divide territor
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living within a wider network of in
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subsistence patterns posited, the n
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has been challenged over the last f
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ecognising corresponding themes suc
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ways of looking at the past to look
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impressions and artistic representa
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Although not quite the norm, alread
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the archaeological record with an a
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APPENDICES 295
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monumental task. In addition, it ha
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the past landscape and often a dist
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A first reaction to these kind of c
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programme producers wanted images s
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Although the ideas outlined above m
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archaeologists can affect how, why
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illustrating the text, of explainin
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Site ID Site Name period site type
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Page 335 and 336:
A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
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Page 339 and 340:
Site ID Site Name period n site typ
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
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Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
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Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372:
Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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