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Site ID Site Name period site type 1 2 Stymphalia b - hydraulic works NE Sub Mycenaean structure 2 Stymphalia b - hydraulic works NE Protogeometric structure 2 Stymphalia b - hydraulic works NE LH structure 2 Stymphalia b - hydraulic works NE Geometric structure 3 Stymphalia c - hydraulic works SW LH structure 3 Stymphalia c - hydraulic works SW Sub Mycenaean structure 3 Stymphalia c - hydraulic works SW Protogeometric structure 3 Stymphalia c - hydraulic works SW Geometric structure 7 Pheneos b - dam Protogeometric structure 7 Pheneos b - dam Geometric structure 7 Pheneos b - dam Sub Mycenaean structure 7 Pheneos b - dam LH structure 8 Pheneos c - channel Sub Mycenaean structure 8 Pheneos c - channel Protogeometric structure 8 Pheneos c - channel Geometric structure 8 Pheneos c - channel LH structure 21 Orchomenos e - hydraulic works/mill Geometric structure 21 Orchomenos e - hydraulic works/mill Protogeometric structure 21 Orchomenos e - hydraulic works/mill LH structure 21 Orchomenos e - hydraulic works/mill Sub Mycenaean structure 22 Orchomenos f - drainage channel Sub Mycenaean structure 22 Orchomenos f - drainage channel Protogeometric structure 22 Orchomenos f - drainage channel Geometric structure 22 Orchomenos f - drainage channel LH structure 23 Orchomenos g - dyke LH structure 23 Orchomenos g - dyke Sub Mycenaean structure 23 Orchomenos g - dyke Protogeometric structure 23 Orchomenos g - dyke Geometric structure 24 Orchomenos h - dam Sub Mycenaean structure 24 Orchomenos h - dam LH structure 24 Orchomenos h - dam Protogeometric structure 24 Orchomenos h - dam Geometric structure 33 Merkouvouni b - hydraulic works Geometric structure 33 Merkouvouni b - hydraulic works Protogeometric structure 33 Merkouvouni b - hydraulic works Sub Mycenaean structure 33 Merkouvouni b - hydraulic works LH structure 37 Lake Takka Geometric structure 37 Lake Takka Sub Mycenaean structure 37 Lake Takka Protogeometric structure 37 Lake Takka LH structure Table A2.9: all hydraulic works. 316
Site ID Site Name period site type 1 10 Mt Kyllene Geometric assemblage 13 Vlakherna a - Petra LH scatter 18 Orchomenos b - Kalpakion church Geometric assemblage 19 Orchomenos c - peripteral building Geometric assemblage 25 Orchomenos - Palaiopyrgos Sub Mycenaean structure+assemblage 25 Orchomenos - Palaiopyrgos Protogeometric structure+assemblage 25 Orchomenos - Palaiopyrgos Geometric structure+assemblage 27 Ptolis - Gortsouli Geometric assemblage 29 Nestane - Sangas Geometric scatter 34 Alea (Tegea) - Temple of Athena Alea Geometric structure+assemblage 34 Alea (Tegea) - Temple of Athena Alea LH assemblage 34 Alea (Tegea) - Temple of Athena Alea Protogeometric structure+assemblage 34 Alea (Tegea) - Temple of Athena Alea Sub Mycenaean findspot 42 Mavriki Geometric assemblage 46 Asea-Ayios Elias LH assemblage 46 Asea-Ayios Elias Protogeometric assemblage 46 Asea-Ayios Elias Geometric assemblage 56 Alipheira Geometric assemblage 56 Alipheira Protogeometric findspot 57 Kretea Geometric assemblage 58 Bassae Geometric assemblage 64 Psophis - Ayios Petros Geometric assemblage 66 Lousoi Geometric assemblage 71 Gortys Geometric structure+assemblage 73 Petrovouni Geometric assemblage Table A2.10: all religious ritual. 317
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ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
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Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
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along with possible earlier G bronz
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In the central region of Arkadia, t
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supported this notion with many san
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the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
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Apart from physical structures, muc
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the right things and performing the
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prominent natural features, sometim
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4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
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Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
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had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
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have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
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Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
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The majority of G religious sites a
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have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
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weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
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eport has yet been published. Howev
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Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
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Therefore, an understanding of the
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Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
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Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
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In addition, the suggestion of retu
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tradition had it that Heracles crea
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Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
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The objects that the community plac
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However, the idea of children being
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immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
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There is further weight here for th
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At times the landscape would be con
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Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
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mean that the living could not revi
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However, this site is not on its ow
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Besides being a potentially large c
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5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
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Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
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as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
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people who were not directly involv
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the same period and same region. Th
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were awestruck when such structures
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6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
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society continued. In some areas, t
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emaining eighteen sites have struct
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C). The eight sites in the northeas
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Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
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eleventh century BCE. However, gene
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1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
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A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
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In the central region of Arkadia, G
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evidence that does exist for other
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eduction in number of settlements a
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argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
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the distinct physicality of the lan
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Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
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Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
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Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
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e of similar construction (AR 1996-
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area. For people who lived in a sim
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others did, embellishing and adding
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Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
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Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
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constraints, such as the mountains,
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6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
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The LBA evidence has been taken to
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people at certain times, a meeting
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
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Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
Page 285 and 286: Just to the south of the ancient Ph
Page 287 and 288: Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
Page 289 and 290: pass over the mountains, this place
Page 291 and 292: Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
Page 293 and 294: PART 3 273
Page 295 and 296: is the no-man’s land between the
Page 297 and 298: need to control and divide territor
Page 299 and 300: living within a wider network of in
Page 301 and 302: subsistence patterns posited, the n
Page 303 and 304: has been challenged over the last f
Page 305 and 306: ecognising corresponding themes suc
Page 307 and 308: ways of looking at the past to look
Page 309 and 310: impressions and artistic representa
Page 311 and 312: Although not quite the norm, alread
Page 313 and 314: the archaeological record with an a
Page 315 and 316: APPENDICES 295
Page 317 and 318: monumental task. In addition, it ha
Page 319 and 320: the past landscape and often a dist
Page 321 and 322: A first reaction to these kind of c
Page 323 and 324: programme producers wanted images s
Page 325 and 326: Although the ideas outlined above m
Page 327 and 328: archaeologists can affect how, why
Page 329 and 330: illustrating the text, of explainin
Page 331 and 332: Site ID Site Name period site type
Page 333 and 334: Site ID Site Name period site type
Page 335: A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
Page 339 and 340: Site ID Site Name period n site typ
Page 341 and 342: Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 343 and 344: Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
Page 345 and 346: Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
Page 347 and 348: Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
Page 349 and 350: Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352: Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354: Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356: Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358: Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360: Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362: Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364: Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366: Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368: Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370: McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
Page 371 and 372: Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374: Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376: Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378: Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380: Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382: Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384: Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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