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populations. Conflicts were perhaps inevitable and in some instances, individuals may have felt impelled to join the travellers in a move to find a new place, or a new way of life, that was less tied to an unpredictable land. Those staying behind would have kept old stories alive. Conceivably, at a time when labour was diminished, breached dams could not be repaired in time for the next wet season, or perhaps no one was left to teach the new generation how to do it effectively. If communities were significantly reduced then the requirement for reclaiming land for arable farming would also have been reduced. Individuals or groups may have passed through on occasion, communicating knowledge to other individuals or groups they met by chance or to whom they were travelling. New people arriving may have heard the old stories and myths and saw the by now old remains. Alternatively, perhaps a new generation of the old population had been inspired from tales elsewhere that they found applicable to themselves, tales of heroes. It may have taken an exceptional individual to think that if their ancestors could have lived in substantial settlements on the plain, then they could do so again. To begin a process of regeneration, the starting point would have been the gods; the spirits that lived in the landscape that inhabited the natural places, the springs, the rivers, the sinkholes, the mountains – all places where we see evidence of early religious ritual (see Chapter 4). The significant evidence from sanctuary sites may reflect a real concern with propitiating the gods in order to embark on what was conceived of as a new beginning. Not a beginning that commenced at the same chronological point in all areas of Arkadia or Greece as a whole, but acts by individuals or communities that inspired and spiralled, acting back upon communities that were in contact with one another. Maybe we should not underestimate the now traditional theory (Coldstream 1976) that the Homeric poems circulating at the time were a catalyst, or perhaps served as reinforcement. This did not need to be a one-way movement, but a phenomenon that was constantly being reworked. Different understandings would have been created and changed, one group seeing significance in some tales more than 244
others did, embellishing and adding, bringing the tales back and finding relevance within in them for their own groups, families and communities. Map 6.3: sites of the PG (green dots) and G (blue dots) on the Orchomenos plains (source: Hellenic Military Map Service 1:50 000, Tripolis and Kandhila sheets). 15: Khotoussa-Ayios Yioryios, 16: Kandhila-Bikiza, 18: Orchomenos - Kalpakion church; 19: Orchomenos c – peripteral building; 25: Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos – possibly evidence at shrine. 245
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ARKADIA IN TRANSITION: EXPLORING LA
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ABSTRACT This research explores the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I begin by thanking
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3.3.1: Time and timescales ........
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APPENDIX 2: TABLES ................
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Fig.4.24: panoramic view from the p
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Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
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Map 6.5: plains of Pheneos and Stym
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Table A2.15: all settlement+ritual.
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LBA Late Bronze Age EIA Early Iron
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION People far
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put aside for many regions of Greec
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Such an approach based on whole lan
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historiography on the region, the s
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eference to similarly interpreted s
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accessed are indicated by a papercl
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2: BACKGRO
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sources. This mythical genealogy an
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sources referring to him in the Ark
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and Classical periods shows close l
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We learn that Tisamenus led the Spa
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e put in the narratives as told by
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one’s attention. Such fieldwork m
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In many ways, however, the fact tha
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interest in the prehistory of Arkad
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contributed to knowledge of six sit
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There have also been continuing exc
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much potential for agriculture, esp
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een documented that Pikoulas has ca
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there did not consider the mountain
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2.4.3 Topography and visibility The
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There is also some debate as to how
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inspire the idea that here is much
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3.1: Introduction CHAPTER 3: THEORY
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opinions are as valid as the next.
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Merleau-Ponty (2002). In addition,
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in detached ways, as a backdrop to
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eings living in the landscapes unde
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awareness. A space is not entered i
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‘Nature’ is a disembodied lands
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today it is partly encompassed by A
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more successfully through the creat
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LG period onwards, a site that alth
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evidence was also recorded, in orde
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These definitions changed throughou
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Site Name Subregion Stymphalia a -
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een predominant in one period rathe
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Given the constraints of this study
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the life of an individual; and even
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influence the environment (in the w
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Helladic (LH) (=Mycenaean), Sub Myc
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Mycenaean as a cultural phase, late
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primarily on Attic sequences. These
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interacted with, people are ‘in-t
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PART 2 89
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ground plan, in particular the Hous
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artefactual evidence also suggests
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The site of Orchomenos-Palaiopyrgos
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Nonetheless, perhaps it is to be un
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elonging to the Archaic and Classic
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4.2.4: Sub Mycenaean and Protogeome
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Coldstream 2003, p.317). Religious
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and caves are often sites of religi
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collapsed cavern. Nevertheless, eve
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Fig.4.11: plan of the early structu
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along with possible earlier G bronz
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In the central region of Arkadia, t
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supported this notion with many san
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the BA evidence at the site of Ptol
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Apart from physical structures, muc
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the right things and performing the
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prominent natural features, sometim
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4.4: Case Studies 4.4.1: Case Study
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Fig.4.19: view from Ayios Nikolaos
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had a specific and significant role
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positioned in the place it was, may
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Fig.4.23: the ash altar cut through
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have been dictated by seasons and s
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part of the lower plain of Orchomen
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Map 4.2: showing sites in proximity
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Rites on Vlakherna-Petra may have b
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Fig.4.34: view from the eastern slo
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Fig.4.35: view to the south, west a
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However, Ptolis was also an elevate
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The majority of G religious sites a
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have had a unique affect on the con
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urn-burials (in-urned cremations),
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weapons are present (e.g. shaft gra
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eport has yet been published. Howev
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Chalandritsa and tholoi from Bartol
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actual number of graves is unknown.
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p.84, p.88) follows Alden (1981, 21
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about the area at this time or excl
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Therefore, an understanding of the
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Fig.5.3: views from the site of anc
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Fig.5.4: possible tholos near the m
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In addition, the suggestion of retu
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tradition had it that Heracles crea
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Fig.5.6: plan of large tholos (sour
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The objects that the community plac
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However, the idea of children being
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immediate. At Vourvoura-Analipsis,
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There is further weight here for th
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At times the landscape would be con
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Fig.5.12: view of chamber tomb ceme
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mean that the living could not revi
Page 213 and 214: However, this site is not on its ow
Page 215 and 216: Besides being a potentially large c
Page 217 and 218: 5.4.4: Case Study D: Artemision-Ayi
Page 219 and 220: Fig.5.18: view of pines at the site
Page 221 and 222: as the cemetery of Mantinea (see Ho
Page 223 and 224: people who were not directly involv
Page 225 and 226: the same period and same region. Th
Page 227 and 228: were awestruck when such structures
Page 229 and 230: 6.1: Introduction CHAPTER 6: LANDSC
Page 231 and 232: society continued. In some areas, t
Page 233 and 234: emaining eighteen sites have struct
Page 235 and 236: C). The eight sites in the northeas
Page 237 and 238: Dörpfeld before him (1988, p.116 n
Page 239 and 240: eleventh century BCE. However, gene
Page 241 and 242: 1949; Brann 1961). In fact, most ev
Page 243 and 244: A and that from Milea/Mantinea (28)
Page 245 and 246: In the central region of Arkadia, G
Page 247 and 248: evidence that does exist for other
Page 249 and 250: eduction in number of settlements a
Page 251 and 252: argues that Nichoria’s prosperity
Page 253 and 254: the distinct physicality of the lan
Page 255 and 256: Fig.6.6: view of the hill of Classi
Page 257 and 258: Map 6.2: LBA sites in and around th
Page 259 and 260: Fig.6.10: panoramic view from Khoto
Page 261 and 262: e of similar construction (AR 1996-
Page 263: area. For people who lived in a sim
Page 267 and 268: Fig.6.12: view from Merkovouni-Ayio
Page 269 and 270: Fig.6.14: view of Ptolis from Artem
Page 271 and 272: constraints, such as the mountains,
Page 273 and 274: 6.4.3: Case Study C: Loukas-Ayios Y
Page 275 and 276: The LBA evidence has been taken to
Page 277 and 278: people at certain times, a meeting
Page 279 and 280: Fig.6.19 and Fig.6.20: View of the
Page 281 and 282: 6.3.4: Case Study D: NE Arkadia - S
Page 283 and 284: Fig.6.23: apsidal structure 1 side
Page 285 and 286: Just to the south of the ancient Ph
Page 287 and 288: Fig.6.28: view to the south and Phe
Page 289 and 290: pass over the mountains, this place
Page 291 and 292: Nonetheless, in terms of altering p
Page 293 and 294: PART 3 273
Page 295 and 296: is the no-man’s land between the
Page 297 and 298: need to control and divide territor
Page 299 and 300: living within a wider network of in
Page 301 and 302: subsistence patterns posited, the n
Page 303 and 304: has been challenged over the last f
Page 305 and 306: ecognising corresponding themes suc
Page 307 and 308: ways of looking at the past to look
Page 309 and 310: impressions and artistic representa
Page 311 and 312: Although not quite the norm, alread
Page 313 and 314: the archaeological record with an a
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APPENDICES 295
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monumental task. In addition, it ha
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the past landscape and often a dist
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A first reaction to these kind of c
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programme producers wanted images s
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Although the ideas outlined above m
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archaeologists can affect how, why
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illustrating the text, of explainin
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Site ID Site Name period site type
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A2.2: Site type 2 categorisations S
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Site ID Site Name period n site typ
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Site ID Site Name site type 1 site
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Ancient Sources REFERENCES Ariaitho
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Amyx, D. A., (1988). Corinthian Vas
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Bintliff, J. L., (1991b). ‘The co
Page 351 and 352:
Calligas, (1988). ‘Hero cult in E
Page 353 and 354:
Cline E. H., (1994). Sailing the Wi
Page 355 and 356:
Dickinson, O. T. P. K., (1994). The
Page 357 and 358:
Forbes, H. (1996). ‘The Uses of t
Page 359 and 360:
Garton, D. (1991). ‘Neolithic Set
Page 361 and 362:
Hägg, R. & Marinatos, N. (eds.), (
Page 363 and 364:
Hodder, I (ed.) (2000) Towards Refl
Page 365 and 366:
Kayafa, M., (2006) ‘From Late Bro
Page 367 and 368:
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S., (1986). L
Page 369 and 370:
McDavid, C., (2000). ‘Archaeology
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Murray, C. M., (1980). Mycenaean re
Page 373 and 374:
Palmer, L. R., (1980). The Greek La
Page 375 and 376:
Popham M. R., Sackett, L. H. & Call
Page 377 and 378:
Runnels, C. & van Andel, T., (1987)
Page 379 and 380:
Snodgrass, A. M., ([1971] 2000). Th
Page 381 and 382:
Tilley, C., (1993a). ‘Art, Archit
Page 383 and 384:
Wells, B., (1983) Asine II: Protoge
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