atoll research bulletin no. 392 the flora of - Smithsonian Institution ...

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Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott "tannia" , " yautia" , "cocoyam" , "American taro" detaro (N); te taororo (K); talo Palagi (T) syn. Arum sagittifolium L. Pre-World War I1 introduction. W. Indies. Occasional. Large taro-like tuberous perennial herb, up to 2 m or higher; leaf blades, up to 50 cm or longer and 40 cm wide, thick, sagittate (arrow-shaped), glaucous, green to purple-green; petioles, up to 1 m long, arising from a central tuber or corm with up to 10 or more lateral tubers or cormels, each 15 to 25 cm long. Food plant in home gardens at Location and near Nauruan home at Buada; occasionally planted and mulched in pandanus-leaf baskets at Topside workshops; found primarily in Tuvaluan gardens. Important staple food crop throughout Melanesia and Polynesia. Possibly introduced into Nauru in the late 19th or early 20th century, but never becoming as important as in other areas of the Pacific. Side cormels cooked as a staple and tender young leaves cooked as a green vegetable or spinach. 5, 6, 7. ARECACEAEIPALMAE (Palm Family) Caryota urens L. "fishtail palm", "wine palm", "toddy palm" Recent introduction. Trop. Asia. Rare. Erect single-stemmed palm, up to 10 m; fronds, up to 5 to 6 m long, drooping, bipinnate, with wedge-shaped fishtail-like leaflets, irregularly and jaggedly toothed; flowers, numerous, grouped in threes, one female between two male flowers, hanging in clustered panicles, each produced successively lower on the trunk from the leaf (frond) nodes, until the lowest node flowers and produces seed, after which the plant dies; fruit, ovoid, red, juicy, surrounding a kidney shaped seed. Planted ornamental. 6. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl. "golden cane palm", "golden-fruited palm" Recent introduction. Madagascar. Rare. Small erect many-trunked clump-forming palm, up to 5 m or more high, with smooth bamboo-like ringed trunks; fronds, arching, light green, turning yellow-orange with age, deeply divided into long narrow forked segments, each about 2.5 cm wide; flowers, borne in clusters among the leaves, male and female flowers separate in the same cluster; fruit, yellow, date-like. Planted ornamental. 5, 6.
Cocos nucifera L. ini (N); te ni (K); niu (T) "coconut palm" Aboriginal introduction. S. Asia and Indian Ocean Islands. Abundant. Tall erect single-stemmed palm with a slender, more or less curved or inclined, trunk, up to 30 m tall; leaves, up to 4 m or longer, clustered at top of trunk, frond-like, pinnate, with numerous narrow oblong-lanceolate leaflets (pinnae), 25 to 90 cm long; flowers, in clusters on a simple-branched spadix, up to 1.2 m or longer, which originates in the mils between the leaves, with female flowers at the base of the branchlets and small male flowers near the tips and over the remainder of the branchlets; each spadix subtended by a stout woody, boat-shaped, beaked bract or spathe; fruit, 15 to 30 cm long, subglobose to ovoid or ellipsoid, one-seeded, with a thick fibrous husk surrounding a hard nut filled with hard white oily edible pulp and, when young, with sweet water. Planted extensively on coastal strip, around Buada Lagoon, near roads in strip-mined areas; occasional on plateau and escarpment; common along strand; common in Nauruan home gardens and occasionally planted around contract workers quarters at Location and Topside workshops. Cultivars include inur, ito, ita, inamaro and ini. Formerly important for copra production for export; trunks used in house construction and for animal pens; midrib of frond used for flooring and walls of houses; young fronds used for weaving baskets, food containers and parcels, mats, housing thatch, fans, hats, dividers for communal fish farming in Buada Lagoon, and other plaited ware and for making skirts (ridi); old and young fronds used for roofing; coir and dry leaves important as tinder in making fire by friction and carrying fire; midrib of leaflets or pinnules used in brooms and in weaving; soft endosperm (meat) and water (milk) of young, green nuts (ini) consumed; meat of I mature nuts (eanikiwi) grated and eaten in a variety of ways and squeezed and boiled, usually with flowers or leaves, to make perfumed coconut oil; coconut endosperm ("meat") has been an important staple throughout the small-island Pacific and in coastal areas of larger islands, with some people receiving up to 70% of their dietary calories from this source; it was also undoubtedly the main staple plant food of Nauruans in the past and a major food for chickens and pigs; coir or husk of both green and mature nuts used to make strong fibre and cordage (sennit) for strainers, affixing tool handles, boat and house lashings, fishnets and lines, belts, canoe caulking, corks or stoppers, slings; dried fronds, husks, and shells used as fuel for cooking; shells used for making charcoal, one of the main uses being to fuel hand irons in the past; shells used to make drinking cups in the past; sap from flower spathe tapped to make toddy (karawai) and then often boiled down to make a molasses-like syrup (kamaimai); toddy often allowed to ferment to become alcoholic "sour" toddy; loose burlap-like tissue (inini) at the base of the fronds used to strain coconut milk; dust or pollen collected on lower ends of fronds used as a blood coagulant and disinfectant; coconut oil use to treat tinea; inside of very small immature nuts used in post-natal medicine; very young leaves, without the midrib, chewed and used as a medicine for fever and infantile beriberi. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. - -~ -- - - ~~ ~ ~ -- ~ - ~- ~-~~~~~ ~ - - ~ ---- ~ ~~ ~ ~
Page 1 and 2:
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 392 THE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS PART I: INTRODUCTION AND A
Page 7 and 8: MARANTACEAE MUSACEAE ORCHIDACEAE PA
Page 9: Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4.
Page 12 and 13: of the indigenous flora. Although g
Page 14 and 15: Climatically, Nauru is located in t
Page 16 and 17: Apart from the provisioning of whal
Page 18 and 19: mortality (Zimmet et al. 1977, 1978
Page 20 and 21: Lake in Anetan. Fosberg (c. 1972) a
Page 22 and 23: The houseyard gardens of I-Kiribati
Page 24 and 25: Species entering the succession ear
Page 26 and 27: Table 2. Species indigenous or poss
Page 28 and 29: Hemandia nymphaeifolia Hibiscus til
Page 30 and 31: of 258 km2, and few beaches; and Ma
Page 32 and 33: Nature of Exotic Species Exotic spe
Page 34 and 35: General Construction Scenting OilIP
Page 36 and 37: Table 4. Species of particular cult
Page 38 and 39: subsistence activities have arguabl
Page 40 and 41: 4. The name (s) or the abbreviation
Page 42 and 43: other collectors. In-the field data
Page 44 and 45: VASCULAR PLANTS OF NAURU PTERIDOPHY
Page 46 and 47: colonies and dense populations in u
Page 48 and 49: CYCADACEAE (Cycad Family) Cycas cir
Page 50 and 51: atolls in Tuvalu and the Tuamotu an
Page 52 and 53: markings, midrib strong with 15 to
Page 56 and 57: Livistonia chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br.
Page 58 and 59: CANNACEAE (Canna Family) Canna indi
Page 60 and 61: Cyperus iria L. I' sedge" Recent in
Page 62 and 63: up to 30 cm or more long; tubers, l
Page 64 and 65: Allium ascalonicum L. te anian (K);
Page 66 and 67: longitudinal bands; flowers, small,
Page 68 and 69: Dracaena sanderiana Sander "dracaen
Page 70 and 71: as the leaves; fruit, globose, oran
Page 72 and 73: Maranta leuconeura Morr. " maranta"
Page 74 and 75: medicinally to wrap sick persons to
Page 76 and 77: (Topside); women were formerly resp
Page 78 and 79: Chloris inflata Link syn. C. barbat
Page 80 and 81: Recent introduction. Old World trop
Page 82 and 83: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. va
Page 84 and 85: PONTEDERIACEAE (Pickerel Weed Famil
Page 86 and 87: Recent introduction. Indonesia to P
Page 88 and 89: DICOTYLEDONAE ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus
Page 90 and 91: a calyx about 0.5 cm long and a two
Page 92 and 93: Pseuderanthemum bicolor (Schrank) R
Page 94 and 95: Achyranthes canescens R. Br. syn. A
Page 96 and 97: long; flowers, greenish to purplish
Page 98 and 99: Spondias mombin L. syn. S. lutea L.
Page 100 and 101: deltoid-ovate, but deeply toothed o
Page 102 and 103: Nerium oleander L. var. oleander te
Page 104 and 105:
Recent introduction. India. Occasio
Page 106 and 107:
Pre-World war I1 introduction. Mela
Page 108 and 109:
Hoya carnosa (L.) R. Br. syns. Ascl
Page 110 and 111:
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. "purple
Page 112 and 113:
to 2.5 cm wide, simple, alternate,
Page 114 and 115:
BEGONIACEAE (Begonia Family) Begoni
Page 116 and 117:
BOMBACACEAE (Bombax Family) Ceiba p
Page 118 and 119:
petiolate or not clasping; petioles
Page 120 and 121:
Rhaphanus sativus L. var. longipinn
Page 122 and 123:
Capparis quiniflora DC. syn. C. ric
Page 124 and 125:
lanceolate or subulate, awl-shaped
Page 126 and 127:
stamens; fruit, about 2.5 cm long,
Page 128 and 129:
Ipomoea hederifolia L. syn. I. angu
Page 130 and 131:
CRASSULACEAE (Orpine Family) Kalanc
Page 132 and 133:
mm long, many, whitish or buff, smo
Page 134 and 135:
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. "angled
Page 136 and 137:
green, often mottled with various s
Page 138 and 139:
terminal branching clusters (cymes)
Page 140 and 141:
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. "spurge"
Page 142 and 143:
orne in cyathia in sessile, axillar
Page 144 and 145:
Phyllanthus amarus Sch. & Th. te ka
Page 146 and 147:
Adenanthera pavonina L. bin ("beanU
Page 148 and 149:
Recent introduction. Trop. America.
Page 150 and 151:
Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. "sea bean
Page 152 and 153:
pair largest, elliptic or ovate-lan
Page 154 and 155:
Crotalaria retusa L. " rattlepod" R
Page 156 and 157:
central plateau. No reported use in
Page 158 and 159:
Indigenous. Indopacific. Occasional
Page 160 and 161:
of leaflets; petioles, up to 10 cm
Page 162 and 163:
and 5 to 7 mm wide, linear-oblong o
Page 164 and 165:
parted; corolla, showy, bright scar
Page 166 and 167:
HERNANDIACEAE (Hernandia Family) He
Page 168 and 169:
Location. Fragrant flowers and leav
Page 170 and 171:
crowded near the ends of branches;
Page 172 and 173:
MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Abutilon
Page 174 and 175:
Hibiscus mutabilis L. "changeable r
Page 176 and 177:
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gar
Page 178 and 179:
2.5 cm wide, alternate, elliptic or
Page 180 and 181:
long, linear, yellowish, fragrant;
Page 182 and 183:
leaves, 10 to 30 cm long and 5 to 2
Page 184 and 185:
MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Eucalyptu
Page 186 and 187:
numerous, anthers introrse, opening
Page 188 and 189:
lades with axillary hair tufts bene
Page 190 and 191:
Passiflora edulis Sims "passionfrui
Page 192 and 193:
earing numerous crowded small flowe
Page 194 and 195:
to 3 cm long; inflorescences, small
Page 196 and 197:
emnant. Rare shrub with edible frui
Page 198 and 199:
Ixora casei Hance "ixora" te katuru
Page 200 and 201:
-- --- included, anthers normal but
Page 202 and 203:
to bright yellow when ripe dependin
Page 204 and 205:
SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Chrys
Page 206 and 207:
Russelia sarmentosa Jacq. Recent in
Page 208 and 209:
Datura metel L. syn. D. fastuosa L.
Page 210 and 211:
Solanum melongena L. "egg plant", "
Page 212 and 213:
Triumfetta procumbens F0rst.f. "bea
Page 214 and 215:
asally; petiole, 0.4 to 2 cm long,
Page 216 and 217:
-- used in garlands. The first Naur
Page 218 and 219:
strip in low-lying areas near base
Page 220 and 221:
. c. 1972. Phytogeography of Micron
Page 222 and 223:
Mueller-Dombois, D. 1975. Some aspe
Page 224 and 225:
- . 1988a. Health and Nutrition in
Page 226 and 227:
216 Appendix I. Class, subclass, fa
Page 228 and 229:
Lauraceae 1 - 1 2 Lecythidaceae 1 -
Page 230 and 231:
Lepidiwn bidentatum Peperomia spp.
Page 232 and 233:
222 Cordia subcordata Qcas circinal
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