Chapter 1 - Núria BONADA

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E A D B C T L K J F I G Local scale: Fluctuating asymmetry in H. exocellata H A 1FemurL B 1FemurW C 1TibiaL D 1TibiaW E 1Claw F 2FemurL G 2FemurW H 2TibiaL I 2TibiaW J 2TarsusL R Q M N K 2TarsusW L 2Claw M 3FemurL N 3FemurW O 3TibiaL P 3TibiaW Q 3TarsusL R 3TarsusW S 3Claw T MandL Figure 2. Measured traits on the first, second and third leg, respectively from left to right, and the mandible. Larvae of H. exocellata were obtained from 7 sites in Llobregat River in summer 2000 (Figure 1). These localities have been grouped in three groups to facilitate comparisons and to increase sample size, differing in chemical and biological variables: upstream sites, midstream sites, downstream sites. These groups have been defined according to the limit of distribution of H. exocellata in Llobregat River. The upper localities (US: L68 and L102) present a better chemical and biological quality compared with downstream reaches, although L102 is slightly affected by salinity than L68 (Prat et al., 1997; 1999; 2000; 2001; 2002). Before midstream sites (MS; L101, L95, L94), the Llobregat river receives the Cardener, which is highly 339 S P O
<strong>Chapter</strong> 9 influenced by salinity because the presence of several salt deposits and mining activities (Prat et al., 1984), affecting notoriously the water quality of Llobregat river. In the lower parts (DS: L91, L90), Llobregat River is influenced by Anoia and Rubí rivers carrying out a high organic and industrial pollution despite the recent improvement on water quality (Prat et al., 2002). Chemical data from spring and summer was obtained from Prat et al. (2002). Larvae were collected in the field during summer. Ideally, 30 last instar individuals (1.250- 1.950 mm head width, Soler & Puig, 2000) were analyzed for each sampling site (see data in Figure 1), although because of low population abundances this number was lower in some localities. A total of 20 bilateral morphological traits were selected to test the presence of FA and to relate it with pollution variables (Figure 2). Pair legs and mandibles were dissected in a slide with glycerin to facilitate the proper orientation of each piece to be measured. Left and right pieces from each trait were measured separately, under a stereoscope provided with a micrometer with an accuracy of 0.019 mm at the maximum magnification possible. Missing or damaged pieces (e.g., claws of entire legs) were not measured. Because FA might be highly biased by measurement error (e.g., Palmer, 1994; Merilä & Bjorklund, 1995; Björklund & Merilä, 1997), a subsample of 30 individuals selected at random was measured twice one day apart. Measurement error for each trait was detected with a two-way mixed-model ANOVA using sides as a fixed factor and individual as a random one (Palmer & Strobeck, 1986). Accordingly, when the interaction between side-individual is significant (i.e., MSerror0.05). These two traits were deleted from the analysis to avoid bias in the FA evaluation. The rest of traits were used to check asymmetry. For each individual and trait we calculate the signed difference between left and right side (Ri-Li). From the resulting data set, outliers (e.g., presence of deformities) were omitted to avoid distortions in FA detection (Palmer, 1994). To 340
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Departament d’Ecologia Facultat d
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Als rius
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Agraïments Ara que miro enrera, me
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Als companys del GUADALMED per have
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Chapter 6 ─ Trichoptera (insecta)
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Resum Hi ha cinc regions en el món
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Resum Factors històrics Factors ec
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Resum METODOLOGIA CAPÍTOL 1: Un pr
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Resum Capítol 1. De manera general
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Resum conca Mediterrània (65% de s
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Resum importants al sud-oest austra
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Resum Els resultats mostraren que l
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Resum No s’han trobat diferèncie
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Resum OBJECTIUS Capítol 6 Presenta
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Resum comunitats de tricòpters tro
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Resum elevades salinitats (probable
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Resum d’asimetria fluctuant i, pe
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Brief introduction and objectives T
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Brief introduction and objectives H
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Brief introduction and objectives 3
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Chapter 1 (Karr, 1981, 1996) using
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Chapter 1 Figure 1. Segura basin an
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Chapter 1 PROTOCOL 2: The samples c
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Chapter 1 Macroinvertebrates: effec
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Chapter 1 % similarity Figure 4. De
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Chapter 1 number of taxa ISASPT 28
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Chapter 1 are some differences in t
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Chapter 1 results got in the field
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Chapter 1 The more appropriate taxo
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Chapter 1 Protocol 1. Non-reference
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Chapter 1 CORKUM, L. D. (1989). Pat
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Chapter 1 RESH , V. H.; NORRIS, R.
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Chapter 1 Annex 1. List of taxa fou
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Chapter 2 The organisms more used t
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Chapter 2 Palmiet basins were selec
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Chapter 2 calcareous and sedimentar
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Chapter 2 Similarities and differen
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Chapter 2 1 0 -1 Spain B24-RLB24-SV
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Chapter 2 200 160 120 80 40 0 40 30
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Chapter 2 macroinvertebrate fauna o
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Chapter 2 methodology yield better
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Chapter 2 VIDAL-ABARCA, M.R.; VIVAS
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Chapter 2 NORRIS, R. H. & GEOREGES,
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Chapter 2 82
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Chapter 3 whereas summers are hot w
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Chapter 3 When first explorers arri
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Chapter 3 stream in the most humit
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Chapter 3 studies at multiple scale
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Chapter 3 ecoregion; 4 in “Northe
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Chapter 3 Project was to establish
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Chapter 3 condition this method is
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Chapter 3 Table 2. Exclusive and ub
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Chapter 3 Chile and SAustralia have
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Chapter 3 Differences between all s
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Chapter 3 the abundants Caenidae, H
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Chapter 3 Mean of % relative abunda
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Chapter 3 For the rest of med-regio
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Chapter 3 The values of IV-values f
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Chapter 3 Temporary sites are chara
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Chapter 3 but not for MedBasin and
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Chapter 3 Table 9. IndVal results b
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Chapter 3 CALIFORNIA 70.8% MEDBASIN
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Chapter 3 Geological connexions Com
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Chapter 3 In spite of these observe
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Chapter 3 multivoltine life cycles
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Chapter 3 intermittency, flood freq
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Chapter 3 Other convergences and di
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Chapter 3 BALL, I. R. (1975). Natur
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Chapter 3 DE MOOR, F. C. (1992). a.
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Chapter 3 GENTILLI, J. (1989). Clim
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Chapter 3 LOGAN, P. & BROOKER, M. P
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Chapter 3 PRAT, N. 1993. El futuro
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Chapter 3 Minshall, G. W. (eds.). S
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Chapter 3 Annex 1. Presence and abs
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Chapter 3 California MedBasin Chile
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Chapter 3 Plate 1. Characteristics
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Chapter 4 Lake, 1992; Cooper et al.
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Chapter 4 Coastal Ranges SAN FRANCI
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Chapter 4 IndVal method (Dufrêne &
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Chapter 4 the bottom have a similar
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Chapter 4 Figure 4. Bray-Curtis clu
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Chapter 4 because methodologies, sa
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Chapter 4 mediterranean areas in th
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Chapter 4 DELUCCHI, C. M. (1989). M
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Chapter 4 168
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Chapter 5 distribution of organisms
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Chapter 5 & Allan, 1995). The level
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Chapter 5 samples were preserved wi
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Chapter 5 Data analysis Seasonal ch
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Chapter 5 Macroinvertebrates and te
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Chapter 5 As a change in the flow c
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Chapter 5 2 1 0 -1 -2 1 0 -1 -2 Ca
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Chapter 5 number of taxa 45 40 35 3
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Chapter 5 Results from the 4 th Cor
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Chapter 5 flow species”. They dis
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Chapter 5 As Townsend and Hildrew (
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Chapter 5 a mix of riffles/pool/cor
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Chapter 5 Although natural disturba
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Chapter 5 GRAY, L. J.; FISHER, S. G
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Chapter 5 RESH, V. H.; JACKSON, J.
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Chapter 5 Annex 1. Physical structu
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Chapter 5 Annex 3. Biological trait
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Chapter 5 Annex 5. Maximum affinity
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Chapter 6 high number of endemic sp
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Chapter 6 Checklist structure and t
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Chapter 6 This species has been rec
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Chapter 6 DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY
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Chapter 6 11- Rhyacophila pascoei M
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Chapter 6 1984), specially to suspe
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Chapter 6 This species can be found
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Chapter 6 Figure 3. Cephalic head f
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Chapter 6 47- Tinodes maclachlani K
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Chapter 6 64- Drusus rectus (McLach
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Chapter 6 pieces of litter arranged
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Chapter 6 Tordera Basin: ToM6, ToM7
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Chapter 6 Although M. aspersus have
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Chapter 6 Superfamily LEPTOCEROIDEA
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Chapter 6 TRIBU Triaenodini Morse,
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Chapter 6 Schizopelex McLachlan, 18
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Chapter 6 present a European distri
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Chapter 6 REFERENCES BALLETTO, E. &
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Chapter 6 PRAT, N.; PUIG, M. A. & G
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Chapter 6 Annex 1. Sampling sites w
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Chapter 6 MIJARES BASIN TURIA BASIN
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Chapter 6 GUADALQUIVIR BASIN Site c
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Chapter 7 (e.g., Ormerod & Edwards,
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Chapter 7 Figure 1. Basins sampled
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Chapter 7 taken until no more famil
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Chapter 7 Geomorphological variable
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Chapter 7 Seasonal changes in caddi
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Chapter 7 Table 2. Maximum abundanc
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Chapter 7 headwaters at high altitu
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Chapter 7 Table 4. Pearson correlat
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Chapter 7 X 2 axis X 3 axis 3 2 1 0
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Chapter 7 280 WILK'S LAMBDA CONDUCT
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Chapter 7 midstreams with a mix of
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Chapter 7 high significant of each
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Chapter 7 % of total variation % of
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Page 337 and 338: Chapter 8 DISCUSSION The wide range
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Page 357 and 358: Chapter 9 Similarly to levels of FA
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Page 363 and 364: Chapter 9 MERILÄ, J. & BJORKLUND,
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Page 367 and 368: Conclusions 4. Responses to tempora
Page 369 and 370: Conclusions 356
Page 371 and 372: Conclusions 358
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Chapter 1 - Núria BONADA

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