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4.1. CREATING THE ENGINES 59 Working with Jet Engines Figure 4.13: The solar panel settings Jet engines are much simpler to set up in Plane Maker than propeller-driving engines. Use the Location tab of the Engine Specs dialog box to set the position of the center of the engine’s thrust (as described in the section “Features Shared by All Engine Types” above). For a jet engine, this center of thrust is usually the exhaust. Check the “vectors” box in that tab if the engine will vector. After setting the engine’s location, you can set the details of its performance, such as its thrust characteristics and N1 speed, using the Engine Specs dialog’s Description tab. The Description tab’s “Jet Engine Specs” box, seen in Figure 4.14, controls the relevant parameters here. Figure 4.14: The Description tab’s Jet Engine Specs box The parameter in the upper left, the engine’s maximum allowable thrust, defines the thrust output at 100% N1 (the low-pressure compressor) speed, as measured under standard atmospheric conditions. Note that many engine manufacturers rate their engines at their takeoff thrust, which is often not 100% N1. Thus, the thrust specifications from a manufacturer may be under-rated. Beneath the maximum allowable thrust is the “afterburner thrust inc,” the increase in thrust provided by the afterburner. This will be added to the value in the “maximum allowable thrust” field when the afterburner is at full power. Beneath the afterburner increase is the “max efficient inlet Mach,” the maximum speed as a proportion of the speed of sound at which the inlet can pass air into the engines efficiently. The geometry of any intake will allow it to funnel air into the engine only up to a certain speed; past that, the force of shock waves hitting the inlet make it much, much less efficient. Many real aircraft have variable intake geometries as a means of counteracting this effect and extending the maximum
60 4. WORKING WITH THE AIRCRAFT’S SYSTEMS efficient inlet speed. At the top of the middle column in the Jet Engine Specs box is the compressor area, given in square feet. Specifically, this is the frontal area of the engine compressor, calculated as π times the radius of the compressor for engines with the whole of their (round) compressors open to drag effects. The compressor’s frontal area only has a significant effect on drag at low throttle settings. Beneath the compressor area is the minimum N1 for fuel introduction, set as a percentage of N1’s maximum speed. If fuel is introduced into the engine prior to this speed, a hot start (a start that exceeds the maximum temperature the engine is designed to handle) may ensue. Beneath the minimum N1 is the fan RPM at 100% N1, measured in rotations per minute. At the top of the far right column in the Jet Engine Specs box is the “engine-start fuel intro time”-the time, in seconds, that it takes to go from no fuel to idle fuel flow during the engine’s starting process. Beneath the fuel intro time is the “throttle advance time from idle to maximum.” This sets the time in seconds that it takes the engine to go from idle to full torque if the throttle is commanded instantly from idle to full. It is, more accurately, the time it takes N1 to bring in torque when the throttle is moved to full. The final parameter in the Jet Engine Specs box is the thrust-reverser deployment time, the time in seconds that it takes the thrust reverser to deploy and retract. Working with Rocket Engines Rocket engines, like jets, are quite simple to set up in Plane Maker. Use the Location tab of the Engine Specs dialog box to set the position of the center of the engine’s thrust (as described in the section “Features Shared by All Engine Types” above). For a jet engine, this center of thrust is usually the center of the exhaust nozzle. Check the “vectors” box in that tab if the engine will vector. After setting the rocket engine’s location, you can set its other characteristics using the “Rocket Engine Specs” box (seen in Figure 4.15), located in the Description tab of the Engine Specs dialog box. Figure 4.15: The Rocket Engine Specs portion of the Description tab Here, there are three parameter boxes for thrust. From left to right, these set the maximum thrust of the rocket engine, in pounds, • at sea level, • at the engine’s design altitude, and • in a vacuum. In X-Plane, the engine can put out full thrust in all three conditions, though real rockets are not always able to do so.
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U L T R A -R E A L IS T IC F L IG H
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CONTENTS iii The Body Data Box . .
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CONTENTS v 9 Performing a Test Flig
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1. About This Manual (this page) 2.
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2 1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANE MAKER 1.
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4 2. THE PLANE MAKER INTERFACE 2.3
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6 2. THE PLANE MAKER INTERFACE Spec
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Page 103 and 104: Glossary of Terms .acf file - an ai
Page 105: 98 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Figure 4: An A
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