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4.2. SETTING UP ELECTRICAL, HYDRAULIC, AND PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS 63 Finally, the “Inverters” box in the Electrical tab specifies the number of power inverters and which systems are connected to them. Inverters are most commonly used for backup power, turning DC power from the batter into AC power for (most) electronics. With the backbone of the electrical system configured, you can use the Systems dialog’s Bus 1 and Bus 2 tabs to specify how much amperage each electrically-powered subsystem requires and from which bus it draws its power. To the right of each subsystem’s label are up to four checkboxes, corresponding to buses 1 through 4 (with buses 1 and 2 corresponding to the top two checkboxes and buses 3 and 4 to the bottom two checkboxes). For instance, in Figure 4.18, the de-icing subsystem’s window heater is drawing 6 amps from bus 1. Figure 4.18: A single electrical subsystem, drawing 6 amperes from bus 1 In addition to the subsystems, there may be a base load on each of the buses—that is, some number of amps drawn at all times, regardless of what other electronics are powered on. The base load for each bus is set in the upper left of the Bus 1 tab. Note that generator loads will be affected by the bus that each system is attached to, and the amperage drawn from it. If the bus powering a system fails in X-Plane—that is, if the battery and generator for the bus are off, the bus cross-tie is off, and there is no APU running for the bus-that system will fail. Configuring the Hydraulics System The hydraulics system is configured in the Systems dialog’s General tab. Here, the boxes labeled “Hydraulic Sources” and “Hydraulic Systems that Depend on Hydraulic Sources” represent the basics of the hydraulic system. X-Plane can model up to four hydraulic pumps: one powered by the electrical system, one powered by a ram air turbine, and two powered by the engine. Check the boxes in the Hydraulic Sources portion of the General tab corresponding to the pumps your aircraft uses. Each type of pump has a different max pressure, set beneath the pump’s checkbox. The units on the maximum pressure are not specified; the hydraulics modeling is not detailed enough for the units to matter, so they can be anything. The only thing that matters here is the ratio between the different pumps, and it only matters then in the case of failure. To the right of the hydraulic sources are the systems that depend on the hydraulics. If the hydraulic pumps fail, the systems represented by each checked box will also fail. Most of the systems here are self-explanatory. The final one, the stick shaker, is a device that rapidly vibrates the control yoke as the aircraft approaches a stall. In X-Plane, this is indicated by a loud noise. If the stick shaker box is checked near the bottom of the “Hydraulic Systems that Depend on Hydraulic Sources” box, the stick shaker will fail along with the hydraulic system. The box labeled “manual reversion” controls the extent to which, following a hydraulic system failure, the flight controls continue to operate. This is set as a ratio of their normal full operation. The group of settings in the middle specifies how the landing gear fails in the event of a hydraulic failure. If the landing gear depends on hydraulics, it can have one of three behaviors in the event of failure: it can remain retracted, remain extended, or extend and remain there if the craft’s indicated airspeed is below a certain threshold. Select the radio button appropriate for your aircraft here. If
64 4. WORKING WITH THE AIRCRAFT’S SYSTEMS Figure 4.19: The “Hydraulic Sources” and “Hydraulic Systems that Depend on Hydraulic Sources” boxes of the Systems dialog’s General tab the “fail down below...” option is selected, you must also set the threshold speed, in knots indicated airspeed. Configuring the Pressurization System An aircraft’s pressurization system is set up using the Pressurization box (seen in Figure 4.20) found in the General tab of the Systems dialog box. There, use the “maximum allowable pressurization” field to set the cabin pressure that the system is capable of providing, measured in pounds per square inch (psi). Standard atmosphere on Earth is 14.7 psi at sea level. Figure 4.20: The Pressurization box, found in the General tab of the Systems dialog box To the right of the maximum allowable pressurization is the emergency pressurization altitude. When the “dump to emer alt” button is pressed in the aircraft’s panel in X-Plane, this is the altitude that the pressurization system will match. Checking the top box on the far right, labeled “auto-manage pressurization,” will cause X-Plane to control the pressurization, maintaining the air pressure of 7,500 feet above mean sea level until the maximum allowable pressurization is reached. Checking the bottom box on the far right, labeled “dump pressure below 1000 ft,” will cause the pressurization system to equalize pressure with the outside air when the altimeter reads 1000 feet.
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U L T R A -R E A L IS T IC F L IG H
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CONTENTS iii The Body Data Box . .
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CONTENTS v 9 Performing a Test Flig
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1. About This Manual (this page) 2.
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2 1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANE MAKER 1.
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4 2. THE PLANE MAKER INTERFACE 2.3
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6 2. THE PLANE MAKER INTERFACE Spec
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8 2. THE PLANE MAKER INTERFACE Figu
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10 3. SHAPING THE BODY OF AN AIRCRA
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Page 105: 98 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Figure 4: An A
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