The Historiographical Development of the Concept “mfecane” and ...

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financially self-supporting and the annexation of new territories was only allowed for strategic reasons or if it brought economic returns in a short time. 10 While Natal’s annexation was upheld for strategic reasons, that of the Free State, annexed in 1848 by Governor Harry Smith, was renounced again in the Bloemfontein Convention of 1854, which stated that Britain had no interests north of the Gariep. Before the end of this period, however, wars between the Free State and Basutoland, and ceaseless lobbying by both missionaries as well as Governor Woodhouse, persuaded London, albeit reluctantly, to agree to the establishment of a British protectorate over Moshoeshoe’s state and thus prevent its incorporation into the Free State. 11 A large number of works covering aspects of southern African history were published in these years, with only the most important twenty-one being considered here. The largest group of authors were missionaries from a variety of European societies. Most of their accounts were published during the 1850’s and 60’s. While some books were by writers who worked in southern Africa during the time of events described, most were by authors who arrived later. The history of African people continued to be constructed by European authors mostly in the English language. These works informed writers in other European languages, notably German and French. Conversely, works published in those languages had no impact on the dominant discourse in English, unless they were translated into that language. While there were no published African authors in this period, it became fashionable for European authors to state that they received their information from either named African informants or, more often, from unspecified wise, or trusted, older men. The 1840’s – The Later Eyewitness Accounts During the late 1830’s and 1840’s, a number of reminiscences appeared by authors who had been eyewitnesses to certain mfecane episodes in the 10 R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians (London, 1961), 5, 8-9, 15-16. 11 Schreuder, Scramble for South Africa, 45-6. 75
Map 5 – Harris’s Map, 1839 Harris’ route is clearly indicated on the map - taken from the third edition of his 1839 book - which took him considerably further north and east than Thompson. However, Harris incorporated the geographical information available from missionaries, travellers and trekkers, which led him to construct a map populated with a large number of chiefdoms and thus he contradicted the depopulation myths. 76
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The Historiographical Development o
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General Histories 172 Chapter 6: Co
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his expulsion of several chiefdoms;
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The Graphics Services Unit, S. Abra
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The Library of the Rand Afrikaans U
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List of Maps Map 1 - Geographical R
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Chapter 1 Introduction Then you wil
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century was caused by the “mfecan
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produce a tradition, or what Michel
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which were to dominate Western thou
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was the "baggage" in the European w
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leader runs the risk of writing wit
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waged by nomadic tribes accompanied
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exaggerate in their talk, and we fe
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incorporated the remaining people i
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history’. 63 Consequently, libera
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Bantu settled in various blocks in
Page 35 and 36: ‘From the 1970s it was the radica
Page 37 and 38: While Cobbing and the historians in
Page 39 and 40: illustrates, in part, the weddednes
Page 41 and 42: Map 2 - mfecane in the 1823 to 1838
Page 43 and 44: during this period, as it took the
Page 45 and 46: concepts of a theoretical equality
Page 47 and 48: tortuous, but information regarding
Page 49 and 50: However, this contradiction was not
Page 51 and 52: were murky and secretive, but were
Page 53 and 54: first assault out onto the highveld
Page 55 and 56: Map 3 - Thompson’s Map, 1827 This
Page 57 and 58: major implications for the later de
Page 59 and 60: Association”, for the British ann
Page 61 and 62: also applied to refugees from north
Page 63 and 64: Godlonton had come to the eastern C
Page 65 and 66: and the gallant settlers from their
Page 67 and 68: ecently abandoned mission station a
Page 69 and 70: travelled to Britain where he becam
Page 71 and 72: Make them [Zulu] out as blood thirs
Page 73 and 74: hand, to gather geographical, biolo
Page 75 and 76: despondency bordering on despair, o
Page 77 and 78: state at their various locations on
Page 79 and 80: cruel monster’ 127 along with oth
Page 83 and 84: depopulating all areas within their
Page 85: The writing of African history in t
Page 89 and 90: Arbousset began the convention of g
Page 91 and 92: prove to their pro-mission readers,
Page 93 and 94: were the depopulators of the highve
Page 95 and 96: people became cannibals, first by n
Page 97 and 98: exercise, and the commission’s re
Page 99 and 100: him to reorganise the Mthethwa mili
Page 101 and 102: eastern Free State. There they were
Page 103 and 104: these authors followed their consci
Page 105 and 106: The second author, Shaw, had introd
Page 107 and 108: D’Urban’s, Godlonton’s and Ay
Page 109 and 110: of eight chiefdoms which, fleeing f
Page 111 and 112: Zulu” and the Natal African chief
Page 113 and 114: which there was a preponderance of
Page 115 and 116: state. Authors who focused only on
Page 119 and 120: The concept ”imperial”, as in t
Page 121 and 122: Cape Colony back to Britain in 1884
Page 123 and 124: supposed mythological roots of race
Page 125 and 126: Late Victorian Authors Numerous boo
Page 127 and 128: treatment of the Fynn papers, a sel
Page 129 and 130: Aboriginal?, 33 had already betraye
Page 131 and 132: Articles on African history publish
Page 133 and 134: European editors. Thus, these texts
Page 135 and 136: State. 53 The aim of this article w
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Europeans as well as Dutch and Engl
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Babrow’s acknowledgment of Theal
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defeat and desperate escape from Zu
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approach to history in general and
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his use of some archival documents,
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initial shock of this assault fled
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etween fiction and fact. 98 An exam
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mfecane narrative. He regarded Shak
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The most important changes in the h
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Chapter 5 The South African Period:
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economically stable until the onset
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latest British methodology of a-his
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Natal and Zululand During this peri
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Both were imbued with Theal’s rac
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of Moshoeshoe and served to uphold
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fortress attracting many chiefdoms.
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[Moshoeshoe] consisted of the intro
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Macgregor was more the editor than
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doubtful whether at any time in the
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English Methodist minister who, whi
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the material differently or have em
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the War Office put it, by the boers
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Winter, he joined the Pioneer Colum
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impinged on the history of the Cape
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Walker’s contribution to the mfec
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Afrikaner history. The few European
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Ellenberger resuscitated Arbousset
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Chapter 6 Conclusion If the white m
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Hodgson, Broadbent, Thompson, Shaw,
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than Shaka. The only surprising exc
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year after slavery was finally abol
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from Natal directly, like the Qwabe
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and were also present at the battle
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Godlonton and Arbousset. 42 These w
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including their livestock and somet
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century under review there were wri
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Shepstone’s four-wave theory, 66
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discourse, which was never able to
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Interior - 1829: Shepstone to Col.
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A378 (D) G.E. Cory, A Short History
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1.6 Killie Campbell Library, Durban
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Frost, P.J. A Bibliography of Missi
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Seligman, R.A. and Johnson, A. (eds
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3.3 Orange Freestate (Republic) ‘
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Précis of Information Concerning S
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Bank, A. 'The Great Debate and the
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Eldredge, E.A. ‘Sources of Confli
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Maloka, E.T. 'Missionary Historiogr
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Stapleton, T.J. 'Oral Evidence in a
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Wylie, D. 'A.T. Bryant's Inexplicab
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'Instructions Addressed to the Dire
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'The Orange Freestate Forty Years A
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Atmore, A. and Marks, S. 'The Imper
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Brill, J. 'Een Gedenkskrift over de
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Cobbing, J. 'A Tainted Well: The Ob
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Ellenberger, D.F. 'History of the B
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Hamilton, C. 'An Appetite for the P
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Hyam, R. 'African Interests and the
Page 253 and 254:
Kennedy, R.F. 'Historical Accuracy'
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Lewis, L. ‘Book Review of: An Acc
Page 257 and 258:
Milne, J. 'Major Warden: Early Life
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Okoye, F.N.C. 'Tschaka and the Brit
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Reyburn, H.A. 'Piet Retief to Dunca
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Scully, W.C. 'Fragments of Native H
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Thompson, J.N. 'William Rowland Tho
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Vivian, 'Expedition Into Central Af
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Wylie, D. 'Proprietor of Natal: Hen
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Evangelical Missionary Society, on
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Beloff, M. Britain's liberal empire
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Bourne, H.R.F. Blacks and Whites in
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Bryant, A.T. Olden Times in Zululan
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Carlyle, J.E. South Africa and its
Page 281 and 282:
Churchill, W.S. The River War ([ori
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Cory, G.E. The Rise of South Africa
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Dieterlen, H. Adolphe Mabille [1836
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Eldredge, E.A. 'Sources of Conflict
Page 289 and 290:
Fraser, A. Boadicea's Chariot: The
Page 291 and 292:
Gledhill, E. and J. In the Steps of
Page 293 and 294:
Haggard, H.R. Cetshwayo and His Whi
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Henige, D.P. Oral Historiography (L
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Ireland, W. Historical Sketch of th
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Kiernan, V.G. The Lords of Human Ki
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Lehmann, E. and Reckwitz, E. 'The D
Page 303 and 304:
Lucas, L. 'Historical Geography of
Page 305 and 306:
Malan, J.H. Die Opkomst van 'n Repu
Page 307 and 308:
Moffat, R. A Life's Labours in Sout
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Murray, H., Prof. Jameson and Wilso
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Orpen, J.M. Some Principles of Nati
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Plaatje, S.T. Mhudi: An Epic of Sou
Page 315 and 316:
Reynolds, E. Stand the Storm: A His
Page 317 and 318:
Saunders, C.C. The Making of the So
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Smith, K.W. From Frontier to Midlan
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Tatlow, A.H. Natal Province: Descri
Page 323 and 324:
Thompson, G. Travels and Adventures
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Vail, L. ‘Ethnicity in Southern A
Page 327 and 328:
Visagie, J.C. Die Trek uit Oos-Riet
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Webb, C. de B. The Mfecane, Centre
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Wright, J. 'Political Transformatio
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