Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Verb Tenses, Second ... - Ktooba.com

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MOOD Imperative TIME Refers to the present KEY PHRASES Any command STRUCTURE Simple: verb base verb ending Th e imperative deals with a single aspect of the language—giving commands. We call the imperative a mood rather than a tense, because commands do not vary according to time as the tenses do. Th e only time frame involved in a command is “now,” as in “Clean your room now.” Statements in the imperative are direct. Th ere are no qualifi ers, such as “I want you to clean your room” or “You should clean your room.” Th e message is straightforward, oft en containing only one word—“Go!” “Stop!” “Look!” “Wait!” “Listen!” Th e understood recipient of any command is “you.” Even when admonishing yourself to do something, you are speaking to yourself as “you” (the tú form in Spanish). We can, however, also give “we” commands, which in English usually begin with “let’s”—“Let’s dance,” “Let’s eat,” “Let’s go.” Th is chapter covers commands in fi ve sections: a section for each of the four forms of “you” in Spanish (tú, usted, vosotros, and ustedes), and a fi ft h section for “we,” or nosotros, commands. Verbs for which the affi rmative command (“Go!”) diff ers from the negative command (“Don’t go!”) in Spanish will be covered, as will the use of object pronouns with commands. One fi nal note: Work with the imperative establishes a good foundation for working with the present subjunctive, which is introduced in the next chapter. tú commands The imperative ·19· Regular affi rmative commands A regular affi rmative command is formed by simply dropping the s from the second-person singular conjugated form, as follows. Hablas. You speak. ¡Habla! Speak! Comes. You eat. ¡Come! Eat! Vives. You live. ¡Vive! Live! 197
EJERCICIO 19·1 198 practice makes perfect Spanish Verb Tenses Traducción Rewrite the following affi rmative commands in Spanish, using tú commands. 1. Study! 11. Sell! 2. Work! 12. Pay! 3. Look! 13. Suff er! 4. Listen! 14. Count! 5. Read! 15. Fly! 6. Run! 16. Begin! 7. Walk! 17. Think! 8. Dance! 18. Sleep! 9. Write! 19. Continue! 10. Decide! 20. Confess! Regular negative commands A regular negative command is formed as follows. 1 Begin with the present tense fi rst-person singular (yo) form of the verb. 2 Remove the -o ending. Th is is called the “yo stem.” 3 For -ar verbs, add -es. For -er and -ir verbs, add -as. EXAMPLES hablo habl- hables como com- comas escribo escrib- escribas ¡No hables! Don’t speak! ¡No compres el pescado! Don’t buy the fi sh! ¡No comas! Don’t eat! ¡No vendas la casa! Don’t sell the house! ¡No escribas! Don’t write! ¡No abras la puerta! Don’t open the door! note When the yo form ends in -oy, such as in estar, the -oy is removed to form the “yo stem.” Standard orthographic (spelling) changes Before the letter e, the following orthographic changes come into play. ◆ c qu No tocas el piano. ¡No toques el piano! You don’t play the piano. Don’t play the piano! ◆ g gu No juegas al béisbol. ¡No juegues al béisbol! You don’t play baseball. Don’t play baseball!
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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Spanish Verb
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To Martin, Daisy, and Lily
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Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi
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16 The conditional tense 171 Regula
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Acknowledgments It is an enormous h
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Introduction More than any other as
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THE PRESENT TENSE TENSE Present TIM
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The basics of verbs Conjugation of
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Regular -ar verbs Regular -ar endin
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32. She listens. 33. They [f.] list
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Regular -er verbs To conjugate regu
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EJERCICIO 1·4 Traducción VOCABULA
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EJERCICIO ¿Cuál es verdadero o fa
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¿Por qué? Why? ¿Cómo? How? Acce
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EJERCICIO 1·10 Traducción VOCABUL
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Ser and estar ·2· Of all the verb
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Possession What’s yours is yours
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EJERCICIO 2·1 1. I am from the Uni
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Using estar Location Mood To give t
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EJERCICIO 2·3 Traducción Each of
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EJERCICIO 2·5 Complete each senten
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Hay Th e word hay is truly a hardwo
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EJERCICIO Describe your house or ap
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Tener Th e verb tener (“to have
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Age In English, we use the verb “
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7. Es julio y tú estás en Puerto
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Hi. I work at McDonald’s. I have
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The personal a ·5· Th e personal
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7. Whom do you love? 8. Do you see
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Common irregular verbs ·6· Below
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8. Usualmente, ¿adónde vas despu
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Playing games—jugar Th e verb jug
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7. What are you going to do? 8. Are
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Th e verbs saber and conocer both m
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7. Do you all know that there are s
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EJERCICIO 7·5 Tú conoces a María
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5. The manicurist knows her clients
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In Chapter 1, we discussed the two
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5. You all beg. 6. They [m.] count
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e > i 3. He washes the dishes. 4. W
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EJERCICIO 8·3 1. I compete. Traduc
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Irregular verb groups Many verbs ar
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Infi nitives ending with -cer or -c
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VOCABULARIO coger to catch, seize,
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EJERCICIO 9·9 Complete each senten
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Refl exive verbs A verb is refl exi
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EJERCICIO ¿Cuál es verdadero o fa
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EJERCICIO Describe your morning and
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Verbs like gustar ·11· Th ere are
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EJERCICIO 11·1 Traducción 1. Trut
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10. A la Bella Durmiente le falta u
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The present progressive ·12· Th e
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4. We are eating pizza and drinking
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8. What are you reading? 9. Who is
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EJERCICIO 12·4 Traducción 1. I am
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·II· THE PAST TENSES, THE FUTURE
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The preterite tense TENSE Preterite
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Below is the full conjugation of ab
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6. ¿Tomaste café ayer por la mañ
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z > c autorizar to authorize yo aut
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Irregular verbs in the preterite Th
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9. What did you do last night? 10.
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EJERCICIO 13·8 ir Yo fui a México
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5. We said that we didn’t eat the
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I went to Puerto Rico last January.
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6. At that moment, she preferred no
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8. They [m.] contributed one hundre
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3. Bollywood produjo muchas pelícu
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7. Una amiga mía tuvo un bebé est
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The imperfect tense TENSE Imperfect
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When to use the imperfect Habitual
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EJERCICIO 14·2 ¿Qué era? Complet
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When I was younger, I liked school
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Below are several common verbs that
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Yesterday, when I was walking to sc
Page 160 and 161: Key words and phrases Certain words
Page 162 and 163: EJERCICIO 14·11 Complete each sent
Page 164 and 165: EJERCICIO 14·13 ¡Te toca a ti! Re
Page 166 and 167: EJERCICIO 14·15 Traducción VOCABU
Page 168 and 169: The progressive in the past Th ere
Page 170 and 171: This afternoon I saw the best episo
Page 172 and 173: TENSE Future TIME Refers to a futur
Page 174 and 175: EJERCICIO 15·1 Complete each sente
Page 176 and 177: 11. ¿A qué hora te levantarás ma
Page 178 and 179: Below are several common compounds
Page 180 and 181: Habrá—hay in the future Th e thi
Page 182 and 183: 12. These hammers (el martillo) wil
Page 184 and 185: The conditional tense TENSE Conditi
Page 186 and 187: EJERCICIO 16·1 Traducción 1. I wo
Page 188 and 189: Below are several common compounds
Page 190 and 191: 12. I wouldn’t tell him, because
Page 192 and 193: The present perfect tense ·17· TE
Page 194 and 195: 4. He comprado una camisa. 5. He al
Page 196 and 197: EJERCICIO ¿Qué has hecho esta sem
Page 198 and 199: EJERCICIO 17·4 Traducción VOCABUL
Page 200 and 201: The past perfect tense ·18· TENSE
Page 202 and 203: 8. Antes de mi trabajo actual (pres
Page 204 and 205: EJERCICIO 18·2 Traducción 1. I ha
Page 206 and 207: The past perfect tense 193
Page 208 and 209: ·III· THE IMPERATIVE, THE SUBJUNC
Page 212 and 213: ◆ z c EJERCICIO 19·2 1. Don’t
Page 214 and 215: When two object pronouns are involv
Page 216 and 217: note When the yo form ends in -oy,
Page 218 and 219: 12. Don’t go away angry [f.]! 13.
Page 220 and 221: nosotros commands Both affi rmative
Page 222 and 223: EJERCICIO 19·12 1. Let’s know ev
Page 224 and 225: The present subjunctive ·20· MOOD
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Page 228 and 229: 3. Espero que el próximo president
Page 230 and 231: Ignorance Verbs in the main clause
Page 232 and 233: Emotional statement or comment Emot
Page 234 and 235: EJERCICIO 20·6 Traducción 1. It
Page 236 and 237: Below are several common connecting
Page 238 and 239: Vague or indefi nite antecedent Whe
Page 240 and 241: “perhaps” and “maybe” Claus
Page 242 and 243: EJERCICIO 20·14 Traducción 1. Eve
Page 244 and 245: EJERCICIO 20·16 Traducción The fo
Page 246 and 247: The imperfect subjunctive ·21· MO
Page 248 and 249: EJERCICIO 21·1 Traducción 1. I wa
Page 250 and 251: 13. It’s a miracle that the airli
Page 252 and 253: EJERCICIO 21·4 Traducción 1. He s
Page 254 and 255: EJERCICIO 21·5 Traducción 1. I wo
Page 256 and 257: EJERCICIO 21·6 Traducción 1. I wi
Page 258 and 259: The future perfect tense ·22· TEN
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14. If you lose this election, you
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I can’t believe it! By the end of
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TENSE Conditional perfect TIME Refe
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11. If she weren’t so selfi sh (e
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The present perfect subjunctive MOO
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10. It may be that they [m.] have n
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The pluperfect subjunctive MOOD Plu
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10. I never believed that she had b
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querer (“to wish”) in the main
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VOICE Passive The passive voice ·2
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EJERCICIO 26·2 Complete each sente
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The incomplete passive voice in oth
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13. They’ll close the doors at el
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14. I hope that this mess (el lío)
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Preterite conjugations Regular verb
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tener tendría tendrías tendría t
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a Appendix B Verbs that take a prep
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con de aburrirse con (n.) to be/get
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para por molestarse en (v.) to take
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I THE PRESENT TENSE Answer key Free
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2-6 Cuando estoy de mal humor limpi
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7-7 1. El médico conoce bien el cu
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12 The present progressive 12-1 1.
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13-16 H. L. Mencken fue un gran esc
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14-17 1. Yo estaba comiendo. 2. Est
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17-3 1. He tenido el dinero por má
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20-3 1. Dudo que ella coma en ese r
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21-2 1. Ellas no creen que yo hicie
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24-2 1. No contrataré a nadie que
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Spanish-English glossary note Nouns
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calle ( f.) street calor (m.) heat,
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despertador (m.) alarm clock desper
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grave serious gravedad ( f.) gravit
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monstruo (m.) monster montar ride;
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q que that; than ¿qué? what? qued
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tostar (o ue) to toast trabajar to
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English-Spanish glossary note Nouns
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c cabinet alacena ( f.), armario (m
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duck pato (m.) duke duque (m.) duri
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hand mano ( f.) (on the other) hand
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meet conocer; encontrarse (o ue);
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purchase comprar purse bolsa ( f.)
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stay estancia ( f.) stay quedarse s
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wind viento (m.) wind dar cuerda a;
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