almanac on security sector oversight in the Western Balkans

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Abbreviations and acronyms BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina CoM BiH Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina EU European Union FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OHR Office of the High Representative OSA BiH Intelligence – Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PIC Peace Implementation Council SIPA BiH State Investigation and Protection Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina SSR Security sector reform USA United States of America 48
1 . Introduction Bosnia and Herzegovina Among the basic conditions for successful state management in a post conflict setting is the establishment of democratic civilian control and oversight over the security sector as well as its integration and consolidation. This is a difficult and sensitive task, since the security sector includes institutions directly involved in the realisation of the state’s most basic function: guaranteeing national security. As a result, the security sector reform process is a significant part of the overall political, economic, social and institutional transformation of state structures. Successful transformation is reflected in the application of quality oriented democratic oversight of the whole security sector community, consisting of both state and non-state actors engaged in the process of maintaining national security. Bosnia and Herzegovina, like other countries in the Western Balkans region, lacks adequate methods and instruments to provide credible analysis of the extent and the manner in which reforms of the security sector should be carried out. This paper intends to give a civil society perspective of the overall progress that Bosnia and Herzegovina has achieved on its path to building and transforming its security sector. With this aim in mind, the authors will first define the specific context in which security sector reform has been conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reviewing external and internal actors who have played a significant role in shaping and defining the scope of reforms. Secondly, this paper will demonstrate the most significant achievements that have, in an institutional view, characterised security sector reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s transitional setting. Finally, the paper will analyse key examples of the development and function of democratic responsibility mechanisms. Overall, the chapter aims to explain how and why certain security sector actors have failed to provide national and individual security in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a particular focus on the level of accountability of the security sector. Finally, the paper will offer recommendations on how the functioning of the overall security sector could be improved. These recommendations will aim to advance Bosnia and Herzegovina’s rapid integration into Euro-Atlantic security sector structures. 1.1. Background Bosnia and Herzegovina faced a terrible four-year war that has had immense consequences on its political, economic and social landscape as well as on its security system. The collapse of the former communist system led to the disintegration of the security sector of the former Yugoslavia along national lines. Subsequently these national groups were, from 1992-1995, fighting against each other. After the war ended with the ratification of the Dayton Peace Agreement 35 , the best possible solution had been achieved, given the difficult circumstances. The international community expected 35 The General Framework Agreement on Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (commonly referred to as the Dayton Agreement, or Peace Agreement) ended almost four years of war in the country. 49 Almanac on Security Sector Oversight in the Western Balkans
Page 1 and 2: Serbia Almanac on Security Sector O
Page 4 and 5: Publishers: the Belgrade Centre for
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements This alman
Page 8 and 9: Introduction While official coopera
Page 10 and 11: the purpose of this study, accounta
Page 12 and 13: Different authors chose to present
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 - Albania Authors: Arjan
Page 17 and 18: 1 . Introduction Albania This chapt
Page 19 and 20: Albania cotts them. Opposition ofte
Page 21 and 22: Table 2: Permanent committees with
Page 23 and 24: Albania The president is also the h
Page 25 and 26: Albania trust the expertise of the
Page 27 and 28: Box 1: The Gerdec case Albania The
Page 29 and 30: Albania Executive financial control
Page 31 and 32: Albania resources of the People´s
Page 33 and 34: Albania become a common trend (Free
Page 35 and 36: Albania intelligence, while the Nat
Page 37 and 38: Albania these units are not always
Page 39 and 40: Albania Trust has increased in the
Page 41 and 42: Albania • The executive and parli
Page 43 and 44: Albania 26. Minutes from the discus
Page 45: Albania 11. OECD. SIGMA, Support fo
Page 50 and 51: that with its assistance, in the fo
Page 52 and 53: fourteen police agencies in Bosnia
Page 54 and 55: An institution that best exemplifie
Page 56 and 57: Several different agencies share co
Page 58 and 59: this research, these departments ad
Page 60 and 61: the respect for human rights in the
Page 62 and 63: significantly improved since 2008,
Page 64 and 65: 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina signed
Page 66 and 67: 5 . Recommendations The proposed la
Page 68 and 69: Bibliography 68 Primary sources 1.
Page 70: 8. www.sipa.gov.ba - state Investig
Page 74 and 75: Abbreviations and acronyms BiH Bosn
Page 76 and 77: 1 . Introduction This chapter will
Page 78 and 79: new dynamics to both, internal and
Page 80 and 81: social groups and institutions as a
Page 82 and 83: Figure 1 International organization
Page 84 and 85: higher standards of operations of s
Page 86 and 87: There are numerous ways in which pa
Page 88 and 89: norms result from overzealous attem
Page 90 and 91: esources is a fact of life in all t
Page 92 and 93: 5.1.2. Lessons learned from impleme
Page 94 and 95: Social Democratic government marked
Page 96 and 97: Reform deteriorated in the next per
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Bibliography 53 1. Anderson, Peter
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38. Zakon o prekršajima, Narodne n
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Abbreviations and acronyms ACA Koso
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1 . Introduction The security secto
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The international military presence
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Figure 1: Organisation of the Secur
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Figure 2: Mapping of the Security S
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According to the new Law on the Pol
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Hearings for budgetary proposals ar
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Court decisions for criminal cases
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human rights by the Kosovo Assembly
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Both the OAG and the ACA submit the
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context, therefore, is a crucial in
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Bibliography 126 Legislation 1. Con
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Chapter 5 - Macedonia Author: Andre
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1 . Introduction Macedonia Macedoni
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Macedonia through assistance to and
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Macedonia Oversight institutions ha
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Macedonia Thirdly, the Committee on
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Macedonia Even though the SAO issue
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4.1. Parliament Macedonia The polic
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Macedonia SICPS is unprofessional a
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4.5. Constitutional Court Macedonia
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Macedonia Members of the Committee
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Macedonia person under surveillance
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Macedonia should be expanded by con
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Macedonia 14. Закон за ра
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Macedonia 32. State Audit Office (2
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Chapter 6 - Montenegro Authors: Raj
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1 . Introduction Montenegro The aim
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Montenegro The process of security
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Montenegro Finally, the National Se
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Montenegro CSD only needs the agree
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Montenegro bers representing differ
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Montenegro only after the Agency fo
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3.5. Financial oversight and contro
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Montenegro make additional efforts
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Bibliography Legislation Montenegro
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Montenegro 13. Ministry of Internal
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Abbreviations and acronyms CCD Code
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herent. The reason for this was a l
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ance and respect for human rights a
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security institutions during one wo
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meetings, regular exchange of infor
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maltreatment in custody it is impos
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expressed in relation to the role o
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have acted as intermediaries of the
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and the third, budgetary inspection
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obliged to send quarterly reports o
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The aforementioned problems could b
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6.1.3. Judiciary • Courts should
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Bibliography 206 Primary sources 1.
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208 Secondary sources 1. Belgrade C
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210
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Abbreviations and acronyms ARS Army
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ise data from previous analyses 186
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states and in the region (Hadžić,
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The formative phase was crucial for
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similarities between the processes
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adical SSR, but also the main threa
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The emergence of new actors permane
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control and oversee the work of exe
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MPs in the work of several committe
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Table 3: New legal framework Laws A
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Table 4 - part 2: Political and Str
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Table 7: Independent State Institut
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14. Miroslav Hadžić, Milorad Timo
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SSR Index - Measuring to Advance De
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1 . Introduction SSR Index - Measur
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Box 1: Where is this framework appl
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• Frequency: frequent/occasional/
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Page 263 and 264:
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Annex I: Grading System for SSR GRA
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Page 269 and 270:
GRADE 5 Focus is on adopted values
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Grades Grades for Parliamentary Con
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Albania Grades Table: Measuring Thr
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Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina tran
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Bosnia and Herzegovina reveals defi
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia esta
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Croatia Grades GENERAL TRANSPARENCY
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Croatia contribute to the planning
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Kosovo Grades GENERAL TRANSPARENCY
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Kosovo Macedonia Procurement transp
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Macedonia Grades GENERAL TRANSPAREN
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Macedonia The state budget is based
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Montenegro Recommendations: • The
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Montenegro of Public Procurement, t
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Serbia ties of the DSC’s work, cl
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Serbia of the actors’ organizatio
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Research Consortium Partners ANALYT
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