almanac on security sector oversight in the Western Balkans

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Social Democratic government marked a positive movement towards growing financial acc ountability, only during the recent HDZ government have things started to change drastically. This is because of growing demands of standard financial accountability procedures with that of the EU, and also because society and some of its most influential institutions like media and civil society finally managed to impose enough pressure to change the governmental approach, so far irrevocably. During the war and the first post-war period, transparency was low. This was explained as necessary to defend Croatia from constant threats to independence. After elections in 2000 and the subsequent three periods, transparency continuously increased. Reasons for this, political and societal, differed over time but the overall results are the same. The Social Democratic government approached it as a conviction; the first HDZ government was unable to alter the process because of growing societal demands, and the recent HDZ government started to play a reluctant but active role in the process. The result is that today it is much easier to get information about state administration activities than ever before. The role of civil society was also at its worst during the war and post war years, but in the last decade, weak and financially fragile civil society organisations have asserted disproportionate influence over state undertakings. The times when President Tudjman and his clique were at constant odds with civil society are over. The biggest achievement is the realisation among political and professional leadership that once civil sector organisations and the media take a bite at any issue, the pressure will not go away and eventually almost all abuses will be brought to light. 6 . Conclusions Interesting conclusions can be drawn by reviewing the main processes influencing the development of the security sector through the framework of periods that were defined above. The first period, 1990-1995, is characterised by three groupings of elements. The lowest is comprised of political influence on and transparency of government and the security sector. At the time of independence, political elites proclaimed their commitment to the widespread values and standards of democracy, but it soon deteriorated significantly. Consequently, transparency suffered and the war provided a convenient excuse. At the beginning in this first period, the quality of the legal framework, administrative capacities and influence of the civil society were generally acceptable for a transitional country. This was mostly due to Croatia inheriting a relatively orderly set of legal norms from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The laws were adjusted to make the departure from the communist system. The newly independent Croatia also inherited a relatively satisfactory level of expertise among civil servants and state employees. Interestingly, the influence of the civil sector was greater in this period than in the following period because during the war there was a need to utilise all available societal resources, even from politically and ideologically different parts of 94
Croatia the spectrum. Remaining elements had a positive influence on reform with special emphasis on the influence of the international factors responsible for the relatively fast recognition of Croatian independence and reasonable amount of political and professional help in the war. Diagram 1: Dynamics of the main security structure related development processes 52 processes dynamic 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 to 1995 to 1999 to 2003 to 2007 to 2011 political inuence administrative capacity building transparency referential periods external conditionallity legal framework development implementation nancial accountability internalization of values civil society involvement 52 Dynamics of the main processes influencing development of the security sector structures monitored through the extended referential framework are presented here. Mark “0” on the diagram represents average state of affairs in every process reviewed and as such is not the lowest possible, but the lowest acceptable value considered from the point of view of the well being and development of society. In this equation “average” is the function and the result of the organisational, functional, material and institutional prerequisites, subdivided in the above mentioned main processes, necessary to achieve minimum of positive effects desired by society. 95 Almanac on Security Sector Oversight in the Western Balkans
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Serbia Almanac on Security Sector O
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Publishers: the Belgrade Centre for
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Acknowledgements This alman
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Introduction While official coopera
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the purpose of this study, accounta
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Different authors chose to present
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Chapter 1 - Albania Authors: Arjan
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1 . Introduction Albania This chapt
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Albania cotts them. Opposition ofte
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Table 2: Permanent committees with
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Albania The president is also the h
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Albania trust the expertise of the
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Box 1: The Gerdec case Albania The
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Albania Executive financial control
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Albania resources of the People´s
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Albania become a common trend (Free
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Albania intelligence, while the Nat
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Albania these units are not always
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Albania Trust has increased in the
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Albania • The executive and parli
Page 43 and 44: Albania 26. Minutes from the discus
Page 45: Albania 11. OECD. SIGMA, Support fo
Page 48 and 49: Abbreviations and acronyms BiH Bosn
Page 50 and 51: that with its assistance, in the fo
Page 52 and 53: fourteen police agencies in Bosnia
Page 54 and 55: An institution that best exemplifie
Page 56 and 57: Several different agencies share co
Page 58 and 59: this research, these departments ad
Page 60 and 61: the respect for human rights in the
Page 62 and 63: significantly improved since 2008,
Page 64 and 65: 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina signed
Page 66 and 67: 5 . Recommendations The proposed la
Page 68 and 69: Bibliography 68 Primary sources 1.
Page 70: 8. www.sipa.gov.ba - state Investig
Page 74 and 75: Abbreviations and acronyms BiH Bosn
Page 76 and 77: 1 . Introduction This chapter will
Page 78 and 79: new dynamics to both, internal and
Page 80 and 81: social groups and institutions as a
Page 82 and 83: Figure 1 International organization
Page 84 and 85: higher standards of operations of s
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Page 88 and 89: norms result from overzealous attem
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Page 92 and 93: 5.1.2. Lessons learned from impleme
Page 96 and 97: Reform deteriorated in the next per
Page 98 and 99: Bibliography 53 1. Anderson, Peter
Page 100: 38. Zakon o prekršajima, Narodne n
Page 104 and 105: Abbreviations and acronyms ACA Koso
Page 106 and 107: 1 . Introduction The security secto
Page 108 and 109: The international military presence
Page 110 and 111: Figure 1: Organisation of the Secur
Page 112 and 113: Figure 2: Mapping of the Security S
Page 114 and 115: According to the new Law on the Pol
Page 116 and 117: Hearings for budgetary proposals ar
Page 118 and 119: Court decisions for criminal cases
Page 120 and 121: human rights by the Kosovo Assembly
Page 122 and 123: Both the OAG and the ACA submit the
Page 124 and 125: context, therefore, is a crucial in
Page 126 and 127: Bibliography 126 Legislation 1. Con
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 5 - Macedonia Author: Andre
Page 131 and 132: 1 . Introduction Macedonia Macedoni
Page 133 and 134: Macedonia through assistance to and
Page 135 and 136: Macedonia Oversight institutions ha
Page 137 and 138: Macedonia Thirdly, the Committee on
Page 139 and 140: Macedonia Even though the SAO issue
Page 141 and 142: 4.1. Parliament Macedonia The polic
Page 143 and 144: Macedonia SICPS is unprofessional a
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4.5. Constitutional Court Macedonia
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Macedonia Members of the Committee
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Macedonia person under surveillance
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Macedonia should be expanded by con
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Macedonia 14. Закон за ра
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Macedonia 32. State Audit Office (2
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Chapter 6 - Montenegro Authors: Raj
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1 . Introduction Montenegro The aim
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Montenegro The process of security
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Montenegro Finally, the National Se
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Montenegro CSD only needs the agree
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Montenegro bers representing differ
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Montenegro only after the Agency fo
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3.5. Financial oversight and contro
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Montenegro make additional efforts
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Bibliography Legislation Montenegro
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Montenegro 13. Ministry of Internal
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Abbreviations and acronyms CCD Code
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herent. The reason for this was a l
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ance and respect for human rights a
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security institutions during one wo
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meetings, regular exchange of infor
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maltreatment in custody it is impos
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expressed in relation to the role o
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have acted as intermediaries of the
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and the third, budgetary inspection
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obliged to send quarterly reports o
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The aforementioned problems could b
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6.1.3. Judiciary • Courts should
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Bibliography 206 Primary sources 1.
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208 Secondary sources 1. Belgrade C
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210
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Abbreviations and acronyms ARS Army
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ise data from previous analyses 186
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states and in the region (Hadžić,
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The formative phase was crucial for
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similarities between the processes
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adical SSR, but also the main threa
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The emergence of new actors permane
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control and oversee the work of exe
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MPs in the work of several committe
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Table 3: New legal framework Laws A
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Table 4 - part 2: Political and Str
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Table 7: Independent State Institut
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14. Miroslav Hadžić, Milorad Timo
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SSR Index - Measuring to Advance De
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1 . Introduction SSR Index - Measur
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Box 1: Where is this framework appl
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• Frequency: frequent/occasional/
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Annex I: Grading System for SSR GRA
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GRADE 5 Focus is on adopted values
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Grades Grades for Parliamentary Con
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Albania Grades Table: Measuring Thr
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Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina tran
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Bosnia and Herzegovina reveals defi
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia esta
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Croatia Grades GENERAL TRANSPARENCY
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Croatia contribute to the planning
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Kosovo Grades GENERAL TRANSPARENCY
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Kosovo Macedonia Procurement transp
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Macedonia Grades GENERAL TRANSPAREN
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Macedonia The state budget is based
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Montenegro Recommendations: • The
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Montenegro of Public Procurement, t
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Serbia ties of the DSC’s work, cl
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Serbia of the actors’ organizatio
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Research Consortium Partners ANALYT
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