THE PROVENANCE OF JOHN CALVIN'S EMPHASIS ON THE ...

primary classifications of Eucharistic doctrine. Some label these two categories the
"realist" and the "spritualist," ascribing the first to especially Ambrose of Milan, and the
second to especially Augustine of Hippo. 1068 Others ascribe them respectively as
"metabolic" and "non-metabolic," 1069 or "somatic" and "non-somatic," or "somatic" and
"symbolic." 1070 Such categories are carried through analyses of medieval and scholastic
doctrines of the Eucharist. In these periods, proponents of these discernible views found
themselves at odds, giving rise to, e.g., the Eucharistic controversies of the ninth and
eleventh centuries. Notably, the authors of the first two extant treatises on the sacrament
of the Lord's Supper each take a view, with the second placing his view in irenic
opposition to that of the first. 1071 Not surprisingly—or surprisingly (depending on your
take on the history of the church and its dogma) 1072 —the authors resided at the same
monastery at the same time: In the mid-ninth century, both Paschasius Radbertus and
transubstantiation, 2nd ed. (Paris: Librairie Victor lecoffre, 1905). Riggs indicates the necessity of
reading the second edition of Battifol's work, since in later editions Batiffol's discussion of two distinct
strands of eucharistic doctrine is suppressed.
1068 Macy, Treasures, 11, with unspecific reference to Geiselmann, Die Eucharistielehre des
Vorscholastik; Riggs, volume on the Eucharist in the Reformed tradition, forthcoming.
1069 Geiselmann, Die Eucharistielehre des Vorscholastik, as referred to by Macy, Treasures, 2.
1070 Kilmartin, Eucharist in the West, xxiii, as referred to by Riggs, volume on the Eucharist in
the Reformed tradition, forthcoming.
1071 Gary Macy, The Theologies of the Eucharist in the Early Scholastic Period: A Study of the
Salvific Function of the Sacrament According to the Theologians c. 1080-1220 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1984), 21. "The outstanding characteristic of Paschasius' work was his strong identification of the
presence of the Lord in the sacrament with the terrestrial, risen, and now glorified body of Christ. . . .
Ratramnus emphasized the Eucharist as an effective sign of the presence of the Lord, without identifying
the elements of the ritual, the bread and wine, with the risen body of the Lord" (Macy, Theologies of the
Eucharist, citing for the second point J. N. Bakhuizen van den Brink, "Ratramn's Euharistic Doctrine and
Its Influence in Sixteenth-Century England," Studies in Church History 2 (1965), 54-77; and J. N.
Bakhuizen van den Brink's critical edition Ratramnus: De corpore et sanguine Domini—texte établi
d'après les manuscripts et notice bibliographique (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1954
(Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1974), 140-45.
1072 Macy, Treasures, 11.
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