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256 SALMON OF THE KAKLTJK KIVEB, ALASKA Sorine . . Fall Spline Fall Total Total Spring. FaL. :...:: Total Spring Fall Spring Fall „ Total Total Spring .. . Fall - - - IST g Total Total Spring FÏÏI .. : Spring FalL Total Total " TABLE 20.—Returns from escapements of Karluk River red salmon Year and season 1921 1022 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Escapement 685 245 814 755 1,500,000 196. 18B 203, 814 400,000 255 351 439, 228 694 579 540,030 669 131 1, 109, 161 657,154 963, 773 1, 620, 927 1 289 976 1, 243 426 2 633 402 617,613 254, 925 872, 538 755, 511 338,306 1 093 817 360 567 639, 762 900 319 Beturn 1, 522, 032 2 970 272 4, 492, 304 1, 252, 839 1,001,461 2, 254, 300 801 653 1,186,960' 1 988 603 409, 352 435 118 844, 470 538, 113 1,062,953 1,601,066 336 507 1, 177, 101 1 513 608 926 611 651,603 1, 578, 174 1,519,176 925, 453 2 444 629 883,509 623, 056 1 506 565 Ratio of return to escapement 22-1 36-1 3.0: 1 6 4: 1 4.9: 1 56-1 31-1 2.7: 1 29-1 .8: 1 8' 1 .8: 1 .8: 1 1.1: 1 1.0: 1 .3- 1 .9- 1 6' 1 15-1 26-1 1.8: 1 2.0: 1 2.7: 1 22-1 2 5: 1 1.2: 1 17-1 Return minus escapement 836, 787 2,155 617 2, 992, 304 1, 056, 653 797, 647 1,854,300 548 302 747, 722 1,294 024 -130, 678 —134,013 -264, 691 —119,041 99,180 -19,861 —953, 469 —66, 325 —1 019 794 308 998 396 638 705, 636 763, 665 587, 147 1, 350, 812 522, 942 83,304 606, 246 The escapement of 1922 (400,000 fish) was very poor. However, this escapement produced a fair-size run because the ratio of return to escapement was exceptionally high both in the spring and fall. The escapement of 1923 (694,579 fish), although it produced a good ratio of return to escapement, produced only a moderate run because the size of the escapement itself was below average. The escapement of 1924 (1,109,161), while considered satisfactory in size, produced a very poor return. In fact there were fewer fish in the return than in the escapement. This was due probably to the tremendous escapement of pink salmon in the Karluk River in 1924. Normally, the pink salmon spawn in the lower half of the river, but in that year, because of population pressure, large numbers of this species continued up the river and occupied the red salmon spawning grounds. Quoting from a report made by Fred R. Lucas in 1924 (Gilbert and Rich 1927): ... On August 21st hundreds of thousands of fish died in the twenty miles of river between the
FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 257 weir and the still water at the Larson Bay portage. The mortality included adult red salmon, humpbacks, and trout, as well as young fish. The cause is unknown unless it was due to overcrowding of humpbacks, with a possible fall of the water level in the river ... it is estimated that over four million humpbacks passed through the weir this season. Quoting from Lucas' notes taken while visiting the red-salmon spawning grounds at Karluk Lake, September 16 to 24: . . . Behind every rock and in every eddy piles of humpback eggs lay. Within twenty-two steps the writer counted twelve piles that would average five gallons to a pile; and behind a small island about six feet in diameter there were more than a fifty-gallon barrel full of humpback eggs. These eggs were all dead; ... a small percentage of red eggs was among them. In fact, more or less red eggs were noticed adrift in every stream where humpbacks had spawned . . . The dead, red eggs . . . were more numerous than the live ones. All of these live eggs will probably be picked up by the birds and trout before they hatch. . . . It was apparent that there was too large a pink-salmon escapement, and this was borne out by the failure of the pink-salmon run of 1926, the total return from the escapement of over 4,000,000 being less than 100,000 fish. The overcrowded conditions on the spawning grounds in 1924 not only resulted in a very poor return of pink salmon in 1926 but undoubtedly were largely responsible for the poor return from the red-salmon escapement. The escapement of 1925 (1,620,927), while good, also produced a relatively poor return, and the total return was slightly less than the number of fish in the escapement. Karluk Lake was not visited during the summer of 1925, and consequently no information as to conditions on the spawning grounds during that year is available. The moderately large escapement should not have caused an undue mortality due to overcrowding under normal conditions, and there is no reason to believe environmental conditions were abnormal during the spawning period. It is known that the winter of 1925-26 was exceptionally mild. A mild winter should cause the eggs to hatch earlier than usual, but just what effect this would have on the fry is impossible to state. The excellent escapement of 1926 (2,533,402) suffered from unfavorable conditions caused by an exceptionally warm, dry summer, and the return was 1,000,000 fish less than the number of spawners in the escapement. The lack of rainfall coupled with a large escapement of red salmon produced conditions somewhat similar to those encountered in 1924. Quoting from notes made by Willis H. Rich in 1926: On July 18, in Spring Creek ... it was very noticeable that many of the females were not completely spawned out; six of twelve examined had eggs apparently still in good condition. Most of these were apparently not spawned at all, although ripe . . . Upper Thumb River ... we saw many dead females, ripe but unspawned, and many others that were not completely spawned out. Causes of death quite unknown, as most of them appeared to be in fine condition. Observers at Karluk Lake in 1926 considered that "about 25 percent of the females that reached the lake died only partially spawned out." Not only did many fish die before spawning, but large numbers of eggs deposited in the gravels died because the spawning grounds dried up. Again quoting from Rich's notes: August 9 ... In Thumb River, where the spawning had been heaviest, many of the nests were exposed by the lowering of the water. We dug in some of them aud found mainly dead eggs, although a very few live ones were found. In many of the other streams similar conditions were noted. Thus, the poor return from the spawning of 1926 might have been due largely to the conditions on
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