Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service - NOAA
Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service - NOAA
Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service - NOAA
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378 FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE<br />
255,000 pounds was less than half <strong>the</strong> previously reported all-time low (555,000 pounds<br />
in 1900).<br />
c. The statistics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whitefish fishery <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Michigan (districts M-l,<br />
M-2, <strong>and</strong> M-3) for <strong>the</strong> years, 1929-1939, lend support to <strong>the</strong> conclusions based on <strong>the</strong><br />
data for Lake Huron. In <strong>the</strong>se Lake Michigan districts as in H-1 <strong>and</strong> H-2 <strong>the</strong> development<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep-trap-net fishery may be termed relatively moderate. Although <strong>the</strong><br />
whitefish fishery <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Michigan underwent a decline—a decline to which<br />
<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> deep trap nets may have contributed substantially—<strong>the</strong> seVerity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
decreases did not approach that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decreases <strong>of</strong> central <strong>and</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Huron;<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> changes resembled those that took place in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Huron. The deep<br />
trap net was <strong>of</strong> no significance in <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> Michigan waters south <strong>of</strong> district M-3,<br />
except in M-7 where it was <strong>the</strong> dominant gear for <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> whitefish in <strong>the</strong><br />
single year, 1934.<br />
6. The harmful effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep-trap-net fishery can be traced to its great efficiency<br />
for <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> whitefish in comparison with'pound nets <strong>and</strong> large-mesh gill<br />
nets. Pound nets, which are held in position by stakes driven into <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
lake, occupy <strong>the</strong> same position throughout <strong>the</strong> season, can be set only on s<strong>of</strong>t bottom,<br />
<strong>and</strong> seldom are fished in water deeper than 60 feet. Deep trap nets, which are held<br />
• in position by anchors <strong>and</strong> buoys, can be set on almost any kind <strong>of</strong> bottom <strong>and</strong> can be<br />
moved readily to any depth <strong>of</strong> water in which whitefish occur abundantly. These<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gear made possible <strong>the</strong> heavy exploitation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whitefish at <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir summer concentration in relatively deep water—far beyond <strong>the</strong> reach <strong>of</strong><br />
pound nets. Gill nets have long been fished in <strong>the</strong>se depths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer concentration<br />
<strong>of</strong> whitefish but in <strong>the</strong> modern fishery this gear has proved to be relatively unsuccessful<br />
for <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> whitefish, except under certain special conditions (as during<br />
<strong>the</strong> spawning run or in limited local areas).<br />
7. Records <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> catch per lift <strong>of</strong> deep trap nets revealed that <strong>the</strong> gear was much<br />
less successful in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Huron (districts H-1 <strong>and</strong> H-2) <strong>and</strong> Lake Michigan<br />
(districts M-l, M-2, M-3, <strong>and</strong> M-7) than in central <strong>and</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Huron (H-3 to<br />
H-6). This situation doubtless accounted in part (see p. 339) for <strong>the</strong> relatively less<br />
extensive development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep-trap-net fishery in Lake Michigan <strong>and</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Lake Huron.<br />
8. Counts <strong>of</strong> legal- <strong>and</strong> illegal-sized whitefish in lifts <strong>of</strong> pound nets <strong>and</strong> deep trap<br />
nets from different depths <strong>of</strong> water were employed in a study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bathymétrie distribution<br />
<strong>and</strong> vertical movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species during <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong> early autumn.<br />
9. The combined data for <strong>the</strong> months, May to October, inclusive, indicated that<br />
legal-sized whitefish were most abundant in Lake Huron at depths <strong>of</strong> 81 to 110 feet<br />
with <strong>the</strong> peak concentration in 91 to 100 feet. Illegal-sized fish were most abundant in<br />
71 to 110 feet with a maximum concentration at 81 to 90 feet, 10 feet shallower than <strong>the</strong><br />
depth <strong>of</strong> greatest abundance <strong>of</strong> legal fish. The records for <strong>the</strong> grounds <strong>of</strong>f Alpena <strong>and</strong><br />
in <strong>the</strong> Saginaw Bay area suggest that both legal- <strong>and</strong> illegal-sized whitefish may move<br />
onshore during <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong> return to deeper water in <strong>the</strong> autumn.<br />
10. The whitefish lives in shallower water in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Michigan than in Lake<br />
Huron. The averages for <strong>the</strong> entire season (May to October, inclusive) showed legalsized<br />
whitefish to be most abundant in 71 to 110 feet (peak concentration at 81-90<br />
feet) <strong>and</strong> illegal-sized fish in 61 to 110 feet (peak at 71-80 feet). The depths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
peak concentrations were 10 feet shallower in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lake Michigan than in Lake<br />
Huron for fish <strong>of</strong> corresponding size.<br />
11. The records for <strong>the</strong> individual months indicated that both legal- <strong>and</strong> illegalsized<br />
whitefish in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Lake Michigan moved toward deeper water from June<br />
to September. The October data provided some indication <strong>of</strong> a return migration in<br />
<strong>the</strong> autumn. These movements are <strong>the</strong> reverse <strong>of</strong> those indicated by <strong>the</strong> data for <strong>the</strong><br />
Lake Huron whitefish.<br />
12. The vertical distribution <strong>of</strong> whitefish in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Lake Michigan was characterized<br />
by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> two concentration zones <strong>of</strong> both legal- <strong>and</strong> illegal-sized fish..<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> actual depths at which <strong>the</strong> zones occurred varied from month to month<br />
with <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fshore <strong>and</strong> onshore movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fish, <strong>the</strong> two concentrations remained '