321 Ch 286 Eight reported singings, all by different singers. The two additional versions are, one by Mrs. Clara Stevens, MUNFLA 74-222/C1936, and one by Mr. Jack Eamon, MUNFLA 83-376/C6643. Reported Versions by Different Singers listed in order of frequency Table II lli! .!.2n lW! 77 21 28 20,100 14 16 93 10 14 ? 53 8 12 84,200 10 10 78 6 10 81,286 6 8 4,14 4 6 278 3 6 54 2 5 74,112,221 5 5 17 4 5 213 4 5 73 4 4 274 2 4 2, 10,26,46,49, 110, 167,250 3 3 7, 85, 105, 248, 293 2 2 45,83,155,173,209,214 1 1 243, 272, 275, 287,295 1 1 Sixteen years spanning the two surveys may be toO shon a time to expect any significant variation in the figures. A microscopic examination of variation within the tradition should not blind us from its global persistence in the province over two centuries. My survey follows the pattern of Quigley's, and additional versions arc in the same proportion, so one call see there is little movement on the frequency scale Crable II). This stability confimls the depth and accuracy of ballad collecting in the province. The juxtaposition of the two surveys shows that sixteen types have been recorded since 1972. Of these, fourteen ballad types were definitely in a "dynamic" living state, i.e. in circulation after 1972, as they have since been recorded from other singers (eh 4,10,17,20,53,54, 77,81,84,93,100,274,278,286). The two other types (Ch 2, 78) had been recorded by the same singers before 1972. From the fony-four types once recorded locally, the sixteen types encountered after 1972 represent over one-third of the entire ballad repcnoire.
322 This fraction gives us an evaluation of the dwindling classical ballad tradition in Newfoundland to counter the cliche that it is "dead or dying." In the last sixteen years, forty-six versions belonging to sixteen ballad types have been recorded from twenty-seven singers. Of this corpus, thirty-five versions have been obtained from twenty previously unrecorded singers. These figures attest that, if the classical ballads represent but a minor portion of the whole contemporary singing repertoire of the island, the tradition is still being transrniltcd in some appreciable proportion. This observation, interestingly, echoes the case for Scotland: On every level, from commercial to amateur, bal1ads fonn a small but signific3m proportion of the material performed, which is really quite amazing, since the ballad tradition was supposed to have died in the eighteenth century.l Thirteen of the sixteen types encountered more recently cluster at the top of the frequency scale (Ch 77, 20, 100,93, 53, 84, 78, 81, 286, 4, 278, 54, 17). This correlation between frequency and durability speaks for the representative accuracy of ballad collecting in the province. Folksong collecting has been quite continuous between 1920 and the present, due in recent years particularly to the efforts of Kenneth Goldstein, Wilfred Wareham and associates, who have carried out methodical and systematic collecting in areas covering most of the province. Since 1972, only the years 1975 and 1982 have failed to yield any classical ballad to MUNFLA. As well, the diverse itineraries of the previous collectors suggest that the ballads have been traced throughout the province rather than in any panicular areas. These academic efforts reveal a balanced dissemination of the ballad tradition over the province. The twenty-seven singers recorded since 1972 come in fairly equal proportions (varying from 1 to 6) from S1. John's, the Southern Shore (Cape Broyle), Placentia Bay (Ferndale, Southeast Bight, Tack's Beach, Placentia, Fox Harbour, Patrick's Cove), Bonavista Bay (Lethbridge, Cull's Harbour, Centreville), the Great Northern Peninsula (Bellburns, S1. Paul's, White Bay), the West Coast (Stephenville, Port-aux-Basques), the South Middle Coast (Burgeo, Ramea, Burnt Islands), the Burin Peninsula (S1. Lawrence), Hermitage Bay (Francois) and Fogo Island (town of Fogo). Taken together, these facts support the accuracy of the documentation of the local ballad singing tradition, which favours analysis and supports its credibility. This tSheila Douglas, "The Ballad on the Scottish Folkscene," The Ballad Today. Proc. of the 13th International Folk Ballad Conference. Held at the Centre for EngliSh Cultural Tradition find Language, University of Sheffield, England, 18·23 July 1982, cd. Georgina Boycs (Doncastcr: January, [985) 42.
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DEATH A D WORLDVIEW I A BALLAD CULT
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iv Table of Contents Introouction p
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This study of worldview in a ballad
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self and the olher.! Our judgement
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lIe distinguishes "ethos" from worl
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16 nature, leads the ethnographer f
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20 . folklore ... constitutes a bas
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22 When sufficient evidence has bee
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conceives that folk poetry e"hibits
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order to uncover the meaning of any
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33 To neglect the human dimension o
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consequences.! More, Raymond Firth
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symlx>lism of the funeral period ha
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49 These revenants, which the women
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The process of traditionalizing an
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island's inshore waters one of the
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know any peace from the West Countr
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programme began in 1920 to remedy t
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73 School is not held regularly yea
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ecuperated from the Bank fishery. f
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80 Chapter 4 Community Tradition an
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83 Pre-1949 ewfoundland has been de
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86 heaven."llaughs].... When we cam
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88 In the absence of any external r
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have created new tenns and uses rel
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sense, rooled in accumulated experi
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100 death. 'T was a big shock you k
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102 2. The Symbolic Context The sec
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105 grief for a beloved would be ab
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109 said to her: "Rose and I will s
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113 nothing could save him. This be
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120 and he said to Father "where di
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122 We thought it was just a ship m
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126 humanitarian. Even when the spi
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132 ritual OUI of a solemn yet bana
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137 A Rambling Young Fellow l 1. Wh
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141 Le Roy Ladurie's evocation, mov
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143 humorous anecdote suggests, was
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150 infonnant's repertoire, speak o
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152 5. He drew lIle deadly weapon.
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154 However remote the trials of "f
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157 with the date. So, exposure and
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159 After eight long hours of trave
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166 In paying tribute to victims, h
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169 the Fogo Festival, received ent
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172 One's Own Death The second utli
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176 less obviously accountable, per
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18\ 3. The tidal wave, with fearful
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185 The priest, on the other hand,
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187 The strong religious orientatio
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193 Oh, where is my beloved? I have
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Remember friends as you pass by As
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198 breathing one's last and being
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200 RB: lot like it used to be. In
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202 RB: My mother lived by 8., wher
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205 PP: Oh yes, yes, that kind of s
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One nalive account is that of Spark
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210 which pushed against his chest
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215 Of the many and various libert.
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220 3. By Ihis time old Kelly was f
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222 In contrast with what the first
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224 The last tale of the COTe group
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226 his friend drowned when still d
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232 ,hat of the transilionallife of
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234 cenaine heure de la nuit et I'o
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236 The major drawback to being a f
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239 These plOIS are all of imported
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242 For she knew 'twas her true lov
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244 and the faithful widow "married
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249 Songs appearing in "the age of
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252 The same moralizing with regard
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254 Mostly uncelebraled because dep
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258 could be in any situation. In f
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260 The Catholic dogma in panicular
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262 'I got a spade from the toolhou
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264 As many as ten local versions o
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267 everywhere and under whatever f
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269 arc only the worse off! As trad
- Page 276 and 277: 271 treat this unexpected homecomin
- Page 278 and 279: 273 An old man gazed on a photograp
- Page 280 and 281: 275 Farewell my wife and children d
- Page 283 and 284: 278 Forbidden Death Aries's fourth
- Page 285 and 286: 280 Chapter 11 Social Denial and Fa
- Page 287 and 288: 282 "In the last few years. St. Joh
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- Page 295 and 296: 290 11.4. "The only lime we see eac
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- Page 299 and 300: 294 Local cemetery customs further
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- Page 305 and 306: 300 3 . The Classical Ballads' Poet
- Page 307 and 308: 302 published by Lehr, also the ear
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- Page 313 and 314: 308 diaries. While the collectors'
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- Page 317 and 318: 312 Though he comes close to the tr
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- Page 322 and 323: 317 (continued) lliJi 1972 £Q!L ad
- Page 324 and 325: 319 Moses Harris. MUNFLA 78-50/C314
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- Page 341 and 342: "Geordie" (Ch 209) 336 An unscrupul
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- Page 349 and 350: 344 The preservation of social imag
- Page 351 and 352: 346 disconsolate girl is left alone
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- Page 358 and 359: 353 In conclusion, this talerole an
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- Page 363 and 364: 358 attitudes are but landmarks or
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- Page 367 and 368: 362 Death, in either case, is ratio
- Page 369: 364 return to them; revenants once
- Page 372 and 373: 367 feeling," the song spirit of tr
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371 Indeed, whereas neither poveny,
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373 Arsenault, Georges. Camp/ainles
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375 Buckley, Anna-Kaye with Christi
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378 "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldvi
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382 Kodish, Debora. '''Never had a
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387 Puchner, Walter, ed. Tod und Je
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391 ------.. Mourir autrefois: atti