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Europe. Neither perhaps, the social accounts of these literatures suggest, was it all that worse. For those privileged by a richer soil and a gentler climate than Newfoundland fisherfolk, the lack of means and education resulted in efforts and achievements never reaching far above subsistence level or vital concerns. David Alexander's substantially documented study examining the relationship of literacy and economic development in Nineteenth century Newfoundland goes Ihe furthest in analysing the actual causes of the islanders' impoverished condition. 79 Whereas it has not been proved yet that literacy is a factor rath r than an effect of economic development, the comparison of Newfoundland's situation with other richer as well as poorer areas of the old and the new continent discards the accepted views according to which the island's economic problems would be accountable to "inadequacies in the resource endowment," "the inadequacies of the merchant class, the iniquities of the credit system, the horrors of denominationalism, the smothering superiority of the British Empire, or the rapacious self-interest of foreign investors. "I Whereas Iceland and Scandinavia were endowed with no more enviable soil, climate or territory, these countries, strikingly, reached one of the best rates of economic development--and literacy. Newfoundland's literacy level at the turn of this century, on the other hand, does not compare at all favourably with other countries of the Western World. That "there was no country responsible for its affairs and the progress of its people which drew upon such a meagre supply of educated people for its entrepreneurial, managerial and administative requirements" would be the only particularity of Newfoundland and the most likely explanation for its underdeveloped potential. 2 Such an academic statement on the quality of the island's human capital, Alexander insists, does not detract from the merits of a people or their society, but yields a sharp insight into "the complexiries of Newfoundland's culture·-its enormous capacity to absorb hardship without sinking into despair, and the deep conservatism which assures survival but may indicate an inclination to absorb change rather than to initiate refoml."3 1Alc",andcr 5-6. 2Alcxandcr 10. 3Alcxandcr 7.
80 Chapter 4 Community Tradition and the Sea From drawing up a picture of Newfoundlanders' living circumstances, this invesligalion proceeds to mapping their moral orienlalions. The following inquiry relies on anthropological and folkloristic accounts, enlightened by theoretical and comparative insights, and proposes that these orienl31ions are rooted in the tradilional as well as maritime characlcr of their cuhure. 4.1. A Folk Society A current of radical regionalism has surfaced in Canada in recent years, and apparently reached Newfoundland. James Ovenan offers a first analysis of this phenomenon in the province, which, he suggests, pervades the academic literature on cultural issues. Ovenon thus analyses the essential ideological foundations of this "academic regionalism": This cultuml revival rests on certain essential ideological foundations. The key assumption of the revival is that there exists a distinctive ewfoundland culture, way of life, ethos. soul, or ethnic identity (older writers tend to use the term "race"). This unique culture, centred on the olltpons, has been undermined by industrialization, the welfare state, urbanization, and the introduction of North American values in the period since Ihe Second World War. I The phenomenon deserves attention in any funher scientific study of Newfoundland culture and "character." Ovenon situates the full expression of this cultllral revival movement in the seventies and eighties, or the mOSt recent academic literature on Newfoundland referred to in the present study. Relatively little, indeed, has come to supplement community ethnographies researched in the sixties and se enties. 2 The fair Ijames Overton, "A Newfoundland Culture?" Journal of Canadian Studies 23 (1988): 8-9. 2Casey, "Traditions and Neighbourhoods: The Folklore of a Newfoundland OUlporl," MA thesis, MUN, 1971; Jamcs C. Faris, Cat Ifarbour: A Newfoundland Fishing Selllement (SI. John's: MUN Institutc of Social and Economic Research, 1966); Firestone. IJrothers; John Szwed. Private Cultures and Public Imagery: Interpersonal RdafionS in a Newfoundland Peasant Sociely. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studics no. 2 (St. John's: MUN InstilU!C of Social and Economic Research. 1966).
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DEATH A D WORLDVIEW I A BALLAD CULT
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iv Table of Contents Introouction p
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This study of worldview in a ballad
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self and the olher.! Our judgement
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lIe distinguishes "ethos" from worl
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16 nature, leads the ethnographer f
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20 . folklore ... constitutes a bas
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22 When sufficient evidence has bee
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conceives that folk poetry e"hibits
Page 34: order to uncover the meaning of any
Page 38: 33 To neglect the human dimension o
Page 44 and 45: consequences.! More, Raymond Firth
Page 47: symlx>lism of the funeral period ha
Page 54 and 55: 49 These revenants, which the women
Page 56 and 57: The process of traditionalizing an
Page 59 and 60: island's inshore waters one of the
Page 62: know any peace from the West Countr
Page 72 and 73: programme began in 1920 to remedy t
Page 78: 73 School is not held regularly yea
Page 82: ecuperated from the Bank fishery. f
Page 88 and 89: 83 Pre-1949 ewfoundland has been de
Page 91 and 92: 86 heaven."llaughs].... When we cam
Page 93 and 94: 88 In the absence of any external r
Page 97 and 98: have created new tenns and uses rel
Page 100: sense, rooled in accumulated experi
Page 105 and 106: 100 death. 'T was a big shock you k
Page 107 and 108: 102 2. The Symbolic Context The sec
Page 110: 105 grief for a beloved would be ab
Page 114: 109 said to her: "Rose and I will s
Page 118: 113 nothing could save him. This be
Page 125 and 126: 120 and he said to Father "where di
Page 127 and 128: 122 We thought it was just a ship m
Page 131 and 132: 126 humanitarian. Even when the spi
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132 ritual OUI of a solemn yet bana
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137 A Rambling Young Fellow l 1. Wh
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141 Le Roy Ladurie's evocation, mov
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143 humorous anecdote suggests, was
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150 infonnant's repertoire, speak o
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152 5. He drew lIle deadly weapon.
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154 However remote the trials of "f
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157 with the date. So, exposure and
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159 After eight long hours of trave
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166 In paying tribute to victims, h
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169 the Fogo Festival, received ent
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172 One's Own Death The second utli
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176 less obviously accountable, per
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18\ 3. The tidal wave, with fearful
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185 The priest, on the other hand,
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187 The strong religious orientatio
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193 Oh, where is my beloved? I have
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Remember friends as you pass by As
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198 breathing one's last and being
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200 RB: lot like it used to be. In
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202 RB: My mother lived by 8., wher
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205 PP: Oh yes, yes, that kind of s
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One nalive account is that of Spark
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210 which pushed against his chest
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215 Of the many and various libert.
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220 3. By Ihis time old Kelly was f
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222 In contrast with what the first
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224 The last tale of the COTe group
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226 his friend drowned when still d
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232 ,hat of the transilionallife of
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234 cenaine heure de la nuit et I'o
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236 The major drawback to being a f
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239 These plOIS are all of imported
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242 For she knew 'twas her true lov
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244 and the faithful widow "married
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249 Songs appearing in "the age of
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252 The same moralizing with regard
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254 Mostly uncelebraled because dep
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258 could be in any situation. In f
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260 The Catholic dogma in panicular
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262 'I got a spade from the toolhou
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264 As many as ten local versions o
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267 everywhere and under whatever f
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269 arc only the worse off! As trad
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271 treat this unexpected homecomin
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273 An old man gazed on a photograp
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275 Farewell my wife and children d
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278 Forbidden Death Aries's fourth
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280 Chapter 11 Social Denial and Fa
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282 "In the last few years. St. Joh
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284 call is made to us and if a per
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287 do that. They just want everyth
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290 11.4. "The only lime we see eac
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11.5. Family Love in Finale 292 For
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294 Local cemetery customs further
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296 societies. Their families are m
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Unseen, unheard but always near, St
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300 3 . The Classical Ballads' Poet
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302 published by Lehr, also the ear
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304 American continent as well as b
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306 versions, as in Karpeles' 1934
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308 diaries. While the collectors'
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310 What is it that you want of me
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312 Though he comes close to the tr
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314 "Willie 0' Winsbury" (Ch 1(0) w
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317 (continued) lliJi 1972 £Q!L ad
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319 Moses Harris. MUNFLA 78-50/C314
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321 Ch 286 Eight reported singings,
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323 data, therefore, appears approp
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325 Studies of repenoire and perfon
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328 while also supporting Morgan's
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331 The perpetration of the offence
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"Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight" (C
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"Geordie" (Ch 209) 336 An unscrupul
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338 back to the living for that ver
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340 Ch # OFFENDER OFFENDED DENOUNCE
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344 The preservation of social imag
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346 disconsolate girl is left alone
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348 Rather than coincidence, the re
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350 into the funeral and burial of
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353 In conclusion, this talerole an
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355 I. The Classical Ballads' Poeti
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358 attitudes are but landmarks or
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360 denominator of its individual f
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362 Death, in either case, is ratio
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364 return to them; revenants once
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367 feeling," the song spirit of tr
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371 Indeed, whereas neither poveny,
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373 Arsenault, Georges. Camp/ainles
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375 Buckley, Anna-Kaye with Christi
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378 "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldvi
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382 Kodish, Debora. '''Never had a
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387 Puchner, Walter, ed. Tod und Je
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391 ------.. Mourir autrefois: atti
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