Em4885 irrigation management practices to protect ground water

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Chapter 4 - Overall Management Objectives and Implementation Practices . . . 4-1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Increasing On-farm Application Efficiency and the Effects on Water Quantity . . . . . . . 4-3 Implementing the Practices . . . . . . . 4-3 The Manual as a Living Document . . . . . . . 4-3 Overall Management Objective 1.00 - Minimize Water Losses in the On-farm Distribution System . . . . . . . . 4-3 Explanation and Purpose . . . . . . . 4-3 Possible Effects on Water Diversions . . . . . 4-4 Possible Effects on Crop Yields . . . . . . 4-4 Possible Effects on Ground Water Quality . . . . . 4-4 Possible Effects on Surface Water Quality . . . . . 4-4 IP 1.00.01 Install concrete slip-form ditches to replace earthen ditches . . . . . . . . . 4-5 IP 1.00.02 - Convert earthen ditches to pipelines or gated pipe . . . 4-6 IP 1.00.03 - Install flexible membrane linings in earthen ditches or reservoirs . . . . . . . . 4-7 IP 1.00.04 - Install swelling clays or other engineered material in earthen ditches or reservoirs . . . . . . . 4-7 IP 1.00.05 - Maintain ditches and pipelines to prevent leaks . . . 4-8 Overall Management Objective 2.00 - Improve irrigation system performance in order to minimize deep percolation and surface runoff . . . . 4-9 Explanation and Purpose . . . . . . . 4-9 Distribution Uniformity and Application Efficiency . . . . 4-9 Relationships Between Distribution Uniformity and Application Efficiency . 4-10 Effective, Efficient Irrigations . . . . . . 4-15 Presentations of the Implementation Practices . . . . 4-15 Other Information Sources. . . . . . . 4-16 Possible Effects on Water Diversions . . . . . 4-16 Possible Effects on Yields . . . . . . . 4-17 Possible Effects on Ground Water Quality . . . . . 4-17 Possible Effects on Surface Water Quality . . . . . 4-18 Section 1 - Practices for all Irrigation System Types . . . . 4-18 IP 2.01.01 - Measure all water applications accurately. . . 4-18 IP 2.01.02 - Monitor pumping plant efficiency . . . . 4-21 IP 2.01.03 - Evaluate the irrigation system using SCS or WSU Cooperative Extension procedures . . . . . . . 4-23 IP 2.01.04 - Know required leaching fractions to maintain salt balances . . . . . . . . 4-24 IP 2.01.05 - Use irrigation scheduling as an aid in deciding when and how much to irrigate . . . . . . . 4-25 IP 2.01.06 - Practice total planning of individual irrigations . . . 4-30 IP 2.01.07 - Use two irrigation systems in special situations (sprinklers for pre-irrigations then furrows; portable gated pipe to reduce furrow lengths for pre-irrigations; sprinklers to germinate crops irrigated by micro-irrigation; over-tree sprinkler for cooling/frost control with undertree for irrigation). . 4-33 vi
IP 2.01.08 - Consider changing the irrigation system type . . . 4-34 IP 2.01.09 - Use aerial photography to identify patterns that indicate problems with irrigation/drainage management . . . . 4-35 Section 2 - Practices for Surface (Furrow/Rill, Border Strip) Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . 4-35 Down-row Uniformity . . . . . . 4-36 Cross-row Uniformity . . . . . . 4-37 Soil variability . . . . . . . 4-38 Border strips . . . . . . . 4-39 IP 2.02.01 - Increase furrow flows to maximum non-erosive streamsize if water advance is too slow . . . . . . 4-39 IP 2.02.02 - Use torpedoes to form a firm, obstruction free channel for furrow flow . . . . . . . . 4-40 IP 2.02.03 - Use surge-flow techniques . . . . . . 4-41 IP 2.02.04 - Decrease the length of furrow runs . . . . 4-42 IP 2.02.05 - Install a suitable field gradient using laser-controlled landgrading where topsoil depth allows . . . . . 4-43 IP 2.02.06 - Irrigate a field in two cycles, one cycle with water in the compacted furrows, one in the uncompacted furrows . . . 4-43 IP 2.02.07 - Drive a tractor with no tools in the uncompacted rows, or use a short shank in compacted rows, to equalize the overall infiltration rates in adjacent furrows . . . . . . . 4-44 IP 2.02.08 - Use laser-controlled land grading to take out high and low spots in a field . . . . . . . . 4-44 IP 2.02.09 - Rip hardpans and compacted soil layers to improve infiltration rates . . . . . . . . 4-45 IP 2.02.10 - Use cutback furrow flows to reduce surface runoff. . . 4-45 IP 2.02.11 - Install runoff-reuse systems . . . . . 4-46 IP 2.02.12 - Reduce furrow flows to minimum necessary to ensure down-row uniformity if excess runoff is a problem . . . . 4-47 IP 2.02.13 - Control the total application of water . . . . 4-47 IP 2.02.14 - Apply water only in every other furrow . . . . 4-48 Section 3 - Practices for Sprinkle Irrigation Systems . . . . 4-48 Pressure uniformity . . . . . . 4-49 Device uniformity . . . . . . 4-49 Wind effects . . . . . . . 4-50 Center pivots as exceptions . . . . . 4-50 IP 2.03.01 - Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check hand-line and side-roll sprinkle field layouts to ensure correct combinations of spacing, operating pressure, sprinkler head, and nozzle size/type . . . . 4-50 IP 2.03.02 - Have a competent and experienced irrigation engineer/specialist check field layouts for flow uniformity - use flow control nozzles, pressure regulators as necessary . . . . . . 4-51 IP 2.03.03 - Maintain sprinkle systems in good operating condition . . 4-52 IP 2.03.04 - Use the “lateral offset” technique with hand-line, side-roll, or “big gun” field sprinklers to improve overlap uniformity . . . 4-52 IP 2.03.05 - Operate in low-wind situations if possible . . . 4-53 vii
Page 1 and 2: EM4885 IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT PRACTI
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: Section 3- Apply Fertilizer Properl
Page 11 and 12: Determining reasonable goals . . .
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5-1a. Water Quality Conserva
Page 15 and 16: 1 CHAPTER Purpose INTRODUCTION This
Page 17 and 18: 1 CHAPTER 4. Objective 4.00 - Manag
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER2.
Page 21 and 22: Water Quality as an Economic Issue
Page 23 and 24: 5 CHAPTER 2 Nonpoint source polluti
Page 25 and 26: 7 CHAPTER 2 Table 2-1. Beneficial u
Page 27 and 28: Not Assessed 86% Percent of Tota
Page 29 and 30: Major Causes of Impairment for Estu
Page 31 and 32: Standards for ground water quality
Page 33 and 34: 15 CHAPTER 2 Blanket statements con
Page 35 and 36: Included in the general strategy st
Page 37 and 38: 19 CHAPTER 2 It is important to not
Page 39 and 40: 1 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3.
Page 41 and 42: Hereafter, when the term “detachm
Page 43 and 44: 5 CHAPTER 3 The nitrogen cycle, sho
Page 45 and 46: 7 CHAPTER 3 Organic forms of phosph
Page 47 and 48: 3. Soil water conditions - most che
Page 49 and 50: 11 CHAPTER 3 Essentially there is a
Page 51 and 52: 13 CHAPTER 3 Retention of water by
Page 53 and 54: 15 CHAPTER 3 Management allowed dep
Page 55 and 56: Excessive, or imbalanced, dissolved
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19 CHAPTER 3 TABLE 3-1. Guidelines
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21 CHAPTER 3 Salts leached from the
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4 CHAPTER Purpose OVERALL MANAGEMEN
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4 CHAPTER Implementing the Practice
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4 CHAPTER IP 1.00.01 Install Concre
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4 CHAPTER IP 1.00.03 - Install Flex
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4 CHAPTER OVERALL MANAGEMENT OBJECT
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4 CHAPTER figures depicts the depth
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4 CHAPTER FIGURE 4-3. Depiction of
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4 CHAPTER Efficient, Effective Irri
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4 CHAPTER Possible Effects on Yield
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4 CHAPTER These include: 1. Flumes,
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.01.02 - Monitor Pump
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.01.03 - Evaluate the
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4 CHAPTER ECe LF = ................
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4 CHAPTER Although the previous equ
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4 CHAPTER Figure 4-9 is an example
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4 CHAPTER 2. Determine how much to
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4 CHAPTER Using the previous exampl
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4 CHAPTER Contact the local WSU Coo
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4 CHAPTER Note that the opportunity
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4 CHAPTER Soil variability may be s
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.02.03 - Use Surge-Fl
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.02.05 - Install a Su
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.02.09 - Rip Hardpans
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.02.12 - Reduce Furro
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4 CHAPTER Infiltration rates and ap
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4 CHAPTER Description Sprinkle syst
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4 CHAPTER The actual technique invo
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4 CHAPTER IP 2.03.08 - Minimize Sur
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4 CHAPTER SECTION 4 - PRACTICES FOR
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4 CHAPTER Finally, different emissi
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4 CHAPTER Description One of the gr
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4 CHAPTER Possible Effects on Water
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4 CHAPTER IP 3.01.02 - Consider Con
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4 CHAPTER IP 3.02.02 - Analyze Irri
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4 CHAPTER 4. Toxic materials conten
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4 CHAPTER Table 4-3b. Fertilizer nu
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4 CHAPTER IP 3.02.07 - Develop Real
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4 CHAPTER IP 3.03.05 - Incorporate
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4 CHAPTER IP 3.03.10 - Use Fertigat
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4 CHAPTER Other important factors t
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4 CHAPTER SECTION 1 - OVERALL GOOD
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4 CHAPTER IP 4.01.03 - Schedule App
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4 CHAPTER IP 4.01.07 - Mix and Load
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4 CHAPTER IP 4.01.11 - Consider Con
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4 CHAPTER IP 4.02.05 - Use Chemigat
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4 CHAPTER 6. Know how much water is
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4 CHAPTER SECTION 1 - REDUCE CONTAM
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4 CHAPTER Description Depending on
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4 CHAPTER SECTION 2 - MANAGE SURFAC
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4 CHAPTER Possible Effects on Water
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4 CHAPTER IP 6.00.04 - Identify and
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CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING AN ON-FARM WAT
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CHAPTER 5 Reducing availability The
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CHAPTER 5 Example of Planning Check
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CHAPTER 5 C.) Cooperator Progress/C
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CHAPTER 5 U = USED S = SUGGESTED NA
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CHAPTER 5 U = USED S = SUGGESTED NA
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1 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6.
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Irrigation Districts 3 CHAPTER 6 Th
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Reacting to Pollution - The Complia
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TABLE 6-1. List of Conservation Dis
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CHAPTER 7 Purpose RESOURCE GUIDE Th
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CHAPTER 7 Integrated Pest Managemen
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CHAPTER 7 Irrigation System Managem
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CHAPTER 7 Private Applicator Pestic
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CHAPTER 8 GLOSSARY Absorption - The
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CHAPTER 8 Leaching Ratio - The perc
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Em4885 irrigation management practices to protect ground water

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